Table 1. Nations Ranked by People Per Hectare of Farmland

Rank	Nation¹	People	Farmland	People /
		millions	million hectares	Hectare
1	Japan	125	4.5	27.8
2	Egypt	62	2.8	22.1
3	China	1,209	96	12.6
4	Bangladesh	118	9.7	12.2
5	Viet Nam	73	6.7	10.9
6	United Kingdom	58	6.1	9.5
7	Philippines	66	9.2	7.2
8	Germany	81	12.1	6.7
9	Pakistan	137	21.3	6.4
10	Indonesia	195	31.0	6.3
11	India	919	169.7	5.4
12	Italy	57	11.9	4.8
13	Mexico	92	24.7	3.7
14	Nigeria	108	29.9	3.6
15	Iran	66	18.2	3.6
16	Brazil	159	49.0	3.2
17	France	58	19.4	3.0
18	Thailand	58	20.8	2.8
19	Poland	39	14.7	2.7
20	Turkey	61	27.5	2.2
21	Spain	40	19.7	2.0
22	Ukraine	51	34.4	1.5
23	United States	261	187.8	1.4
24	Argentina	34	27.2	1.3
25	Russia	147	129.5	1.1
26	Canada	29	45.5	0.6
27	Kazakhstan	17	34.8	0.5
28	Australia	18	46.5	0.4

	WORLD	5,630	1447.5	3.9

¹Nations listed are those that contain more than 1 % of the world's farmland or more than 1 % of the world's people.

Source: FAO Production Yearbook, United Nations, 1994.

With modern transportation, each person might find a place with the resources they seek. Unfortunately, many people remain without resources because others have taken vast land areas or whole continents for themselves. Europeans once felt the need to migrate to places like Australia, North America, and South America, but today their descendants can't see why another person might need to migrate.

Resources stay in one place. You can go get them, or you can pay extra to have them sent to you. You and your descendants should not have to stay in one place, waiting for someone else to give you a permit to move. Why should people remain planted in place? Our nations should allow us to migrate. Limits on immigration are not needed even for crowded nations and are especially immoral for a nation with resources that far exceed its people's need.

FOOD

Nations with the highest population densities may have difficulty producing enough food for their citizens from their limited land, while other nations easily produce more food than their citizens can consume. As a result, only rice and vegetables may be affordable for people in the most crowded nations while citizens of empty nations with lots of land more frequently can choose to eat steak, eggs, and ice cream.

Export of food is one strategy to make living conditions more equal, but sometimes the eggs break, the ice cream melts, and the steak gets cold before it reaches the consumers halfway around the world. A better strategy is to let consumers move closer to food sources. Consumers may want to move not only for economic efficiency but also for food security, so that political instability, natural disaster, or even war would not necessarily leave them hungry.

Population densities could remain unequal and unfair for hundreds of years unless limits on migration are removed. Average population density in the world in 1994 was 3.9 people per hectare of farmland, while the United States had only 1.4 people per hectare. If 10 million new immigrants began entering the United States each year, its population density would not equal the current world average until 2041, more than a generation away. If immigration is held to its current .5 million, the United States will not support its fair share of the world's people before 2933, more than 30 generations from now.

These calculations ignore population growth independent of migration, which may increase rather than decrease national differences in population over time. If current laws remain in effect, Americans may rest peacefully knowing that their great, great, great, etc. grandchildren will have the same unfair advantages that Americans now enjoy.

Population densities could become equal only if a minimum of 2 billion people moved out of overpopulated nations and into underpopulated nations. Numbers of immigrants that might come from and go to each of the major places to live are listed in Table 2 along with the 1994 population.

In Table 2, each nation’s fair share of the world’s population was calculated as its hectares of farmland multiplied by 3.9. This fair share for each nation will increase in the future as the world population grows. Only the most overpopulated and underpopulated nations as of 1994 are listed. Potential emigrants (from) and immigrants (to) are the difference between the nation’s current population and its fair share. Total immigrants for the world were summed from the nations in Table 1 plus 28% for the smaller nations not listed.

Table 2. Immigrants and Emigrants (millions) Needed to Make Population Densities Equal.

		*From*	*From*	*From*	*From*	*From*	1994
		China	India	Japan	Bangla-ladesh	Indo-nesia	Popu-lation	Immigrants (millions)
To	United States	192	59	25	19	17	261	470
To	Russia	149	45	19	14	13	147	363
To	Australia	67	20	9	6	6	18	163
To	Canada	61	19	8	6	5	29	150
To	Kazakhstan	48	15	6	5	4	17	118
To	Argentina	29	9	4	3	3	34	71

	1994 Pop.	1,209	919	125	118	195	5,630
	Emigrants	-835	-255	-108	-81	-74		2,037

The immigrants to each nation are assumed to come from each other nation in proportion to that nation's surplus. Similarly, emigrants from each nation are assumed to move into each deficit nation in proportion to that nation's deficit. For example, China could supply 835 million or 41% of the total of the 2 billion emigrants and the United States could accept 470 million or 23% of the 2 billion immigrants. If migration were legal, the number of Chinese people entering the United States could easily be 192 million, calculated as 41% times 23% times 2 billion migrants.

Actual numbers of immigrants could be much larger if populations of medium density also use their right to migrate. For example, some people from France might move to Canada and then sell or rent their old homes in France to immigrants from India, who might sell or rent their old homes in India to immigrants from Bangladesh. Many people from Indonesia may wish to make new homes in nearby Australia instead of going to places all over the world (as assumed in Table 2). Neighboring nations might become good friends instead of enemies as their people mix and their cultures blend.

PROPERTY

The wind, the rain, the cold, and hunger can find people no matter where they live. To protect themselves, people seek shelter, keep food, clothes, and supplies nearby, and rent or own property. If a thief takes your things or breaks into your house, you should call the police and they should arrest the thief. Private property must be protected. The things that you buy, or inherit, or receive as gifts should be yours until you sell, or discard, or give them away. In nearly all nations, that is the law.

An immigrant and a citizen both have a right to buy things (such as airplane tickets) but have no right to steal things. If an immigrant or a citizen moves to your city, rents an apartment near you, walks down your street, and breathes the air in front of your house, nothing of yours has been stolen. But if your city or your nation builds a wall to keep him out, then your government has kept him away from all of the air, all of the streets, all of the apartments, and all of the jobs in your city or nation. You have stolen all of those things from him.

TERRITORY

The earth’s seas are still described as international waters, but earth’s land has been divided among many separate nations. The national government that controls each land area decides who may live there, who may visit, and who must stay out. Some governments also limit the exit of people from the nation. The usual reasons for rejecting immigrants from some other nation are that the other nation's people are poorer or have a different language or values. Some governments limit immigration simply to prevent crowding, and some limit emigration simply to prevent good taxpayers from leaving.

Humans are not the only animals to create and defend artificial borders and territories. Many predators try to keep all other predators off the land they have marked as their own. If predators can agree upon borders, they can spend more time catching prey and less time fighting against others of their own species. But to maintain such borders, predators must often threaten to use force and sometimes actually hurt or even kill each other. Fortunately, most other species are much less violent. They spend more time finding local food sources and less time threatening their neighbors. Human governments might agree to keep their national territories but to stop chasing their neighbors away.

Large territories may be best because they give the people (or animals) within them more room and more opportunity.

Unfortunately, when a small population holds onto a large territory, those outside the territory are left with less room and less opportunity. Jobs, products, inventions, and ideas available in one place will remain unknown in other places if borders are closed. People in small nations will have fewer new things to buy and a smaller market for their own products, inventions, and labor. If borders are opened, citizens will have more jobs and more time to defend liberty instead of territory.

As people migrate and cultures become mixed, genes will, too. People can marry others of their own race, but won't have to. More choices and more genetic variation result when mixed populations gradually replace separated populations. Territorial animals often find mates from outside their own families or territories to avoid inbreeding and to give the next generation a broader, healthier sample of genes. Without migration and within a small, separated territory, genetic diseases can increase in frequency. Fortunately, harmful mutations are masked when populations are mixed.

National governments often claim a sovereign right to defend borders and territory. The immigrants they turn away do not threaten to move the borders or take away territory. The immigrants wish only to find a place to live, to work, and to be treated as citizens. They are peaceful. The governments who stop them are warlike, fighting to control their turfs and to enforce national segregation. Someday, the people will realize their sovereign right to control governments and to cross borders.

CLOTHES

Today, people are still stopped at national borders, but their clothes and other personal belongings can migrate freely. My clothes were made in 25 different nations and sent across national borders to me. In each of these nations, one or more workers worked part-time for me, sewing the clothes that are now here in my closet in the U.S. The work was mostly of good quality, so I was happy to pay for it. The workers can work for me where they are but they can’t move around. The laws that keep them in their place seem a little like slavery. Pick some cotton for me, sew a shirt for me, and stay in your place.

The clothes that I wear were purchased at shopping malls near Baltimore, MD and Washington, DC. My wife chose most of them. She buys clothes that look nice and have medium price, without regard to who made them or where. Table 3 shows where the workers live and what they made for me. Workers may be content to sit still, but apparently clothes have a need to migrate.

Table 3 shows that many people from around the world already have worked hard to please me. I haven’t met them or talked to them, but I know that some of them would be willing to walk a mile in my shoes. Already they gave me the shirt on my back.

Table 3. Migration of Clothes into Paul’s Closet as of February 4, 1996

Origin	Immigrant Items
Bahrain	long-sleeve shirt
Bangladesh	pants, shorts (2) long-sleeve shirt
Brazil	shoes
Chile	sweat pants, sweat shirt
China	shoes, vest, shorts, pajamas (2) flannel shirt, short-sleeve shirts (2)
Costa Rica	underwear (3)
Dominican Republic	underwear (3), long-sleeve shirt, short-sleeve shirt
Guatemala	T-shirt
Honduras	long-sleeve shirt
Hong Kong	blue jeans
India	flannel shirt short-sleeve shirts (2)
Jamaica	flannel shirt
Jordan	long-sleeve shirt
Macau	pants
Mauritius	shorts
Mexico	shorts
Mongolia	pants
Netherlands	T-shirt
Pakistan	short-sleeve shirt
Philippines	short-sleeve shirt
South Korea	suit, short-sleeve shirt, long-sleeve shirts (4)
Sri Lanka	pants, long-sleeve shirt
Taiwan	sweat shirt, flannel shirt, long-sleeve shirt
Turkey	long-sleeve shirt
United States	suit, pants (2), sweat pants, sweat shirt, flannel shirt, T-shirts (3) shorts (3), blue jeans, underwear (9) long-sleeve shirts (5), short-sleeve shirts (2)

MIGRANTS

Most nations accept tourists but reject workers. A few rich and talented people can cross borders almost whenever they want, but average people must live and work where they were born. A few skilled workers may be allowed to immigrate. For people without much money, tourism is difficult because earning money while outside of their country is illegal. Why should laws encourage the spending of tourism but discourage earning?

Famous people migrate because good jobs are waiting for them everywhere. Poor people may need to migrate because the jobs they have now are going nowhere. Rich people can afford to migrate to nice homes in nice nations. Common people such as me should have a right to migrate, too. Table 4 lists jobs that might require you to work in foreign lands and gives examples of the people who have worked in these migrant jobs.

Table 4. Migrant Jobs and Migrant Workers.

Migrant Job	Migrant Worker
Actor	Arnold Schwarzenegger
Airplane pilot	Charles Lindbergh
Artist	John James Audubon
Astronaut	Neil Armstrong
Author	George Orwell
Ballet dancer	Mikhail Baryshnikov
Baseball player	Jose Canseco
Buddhist monk	Dalai Lama XIV
Businessman	Andrew Carnegie
Church leader	Pope John Paul II
Composer	Sergey Rachmaninoff
Diplomat	Benjamin Franklin
Doctor	Albert Schweitzer
Explorer	Jacques Cousteau
Football (soccer)	Pele
Journalist	Peter Jennings
Hockey player	Wayne Gretzky
Magician	Harry Houdini
Model	Naomi Campbell
Missionary	Mother Theresa
Military	Douglas MacArthur
Musician	John Lennon
Preacher	Billy Graham
Publisher	Rupert Murdoch
Sailor	Ferdinand Magellan
Scientist	Mary Leakey
Tennis player	Martina Navratilova
Writer	Ernest Hemingway

Most of the people that I listed moved once to find work and then kept moving as the job required. For some, such as Rachmaninoff, Baryshnikov, Navratilova, and Canseco, their biggest move was out of a Communist nation and into a democracy. Others, such as Magellan, Cousteau, and Armstrong, worked in places that no nation claims, exploring the width and depth of the sea or taking a giant leap for mankind to the moon. Pilots and diplomats also earn their livings by moving between nations.

At least three of these migrant workers earned the Nobel Prize for Peace (Dalai Lama, Albert Schweitzer, and Mother Teresa). Modern religious leaders tour the world so that they can teach the people in person. Some authors, writers, and journalists have the reverse job, going to see what’s happening in the world and reporting news or sending stories back to us. Publishers of these stories may also need to relocate to new homes closer to their global businesses. Do people with talent travel, or does travel lead to talent? Orwell and Hemingway each lived in six or more nations for years at a time. They really migrated.

Musicians, magicians, models, and actors also migrate so that they can appear in front of more fans and fancy scenery. Many jobs in the military, in science, or in business also require travel, but often to places that the migrant doesn’t choose or wouldn’t choose. Migration is not always direct, as the artist Audubon found when moving from Haiti east to France and then west to the United States. A shorter route must exist.

Professional athletes migrate so much that no one notices. Tennis players, skiers, golfers, race car drivers, or track and field athletes simply fly to the next big event and try to win the top prize paid in whatever money that nation uses. Whole teams travel across borders together in soccer, football, basketball, hockey, and baseball. The players must work in more than one country because the leagues are international.

To conclude, if you don’t like your job or if you’re very good at your job, you should think about moving. Fame and fortune and migration go hand in hand.

COMPETITON

Athletes from ancient Greece were invited to compete in Olympic sporting events every 4 years to exhibit their skills and to determine who was best. In the 20th century, athletes from all over the whole world come together for the Olympics. When the games begin, the host nation may be disappointed if athletes from all nations can't be there. In such sporting events, we hope that every human has at least a chance to compete. When we compete, the rules say that each of us should be judged only on performance and not on place of birth. The idea that all people can participate as equals is very popular. Ratings are high.

When the Olympics are over, each person must return to their own nation. Athletes may compete for gold medals in the host nation but not for jobs. The host nation makes its own rules about jobs and usually says that its own job seekers must finish first. People from other nations must jump over more hurdles and often are not allowed even to cross the starting line.

Of course, businesses may be disappointed if job seekers from some nations could not attend or could not stay. They may believe that politicians and political differences should not stand in the way of friendly competition among all.

Olympic competition for gold medals is fun to watch but involves only a few thousand people. Free and fair competition for jobs is a participation sport that could be held all over the world all the time, not just in one city once every 4 years. Let the job Olympics begin. The winners will be rewarded, and the losers will not be deported.

Chapter 3

THE RIGHT TO MIGRATE

People like to choose where to live and where to work. Our governments might help us to find better homes and better jobs, or at least they should let us look for the good life without help. Instead, many governments pass and enforce laws that keep us away from our chosen locations or vocations. Relocation onto much of the earth's surface is now illegal. When national governments stop or limit migration, they take away our freedom. They often remove opportunity from the poorest people first, and they rarely ask for consent from the people that they govern (you).

The right to leave any nation already is a basic principle of international law. The right of any peaceful person to enter and to live in any nation also will become law when the majority of people agree that immigration is right and segregation is wrong. Soon, each person will be free to choose where on earth to live, and each government will be required by international law to respect your choice.

HISTORY

Thousands of years ago, people from Asia discovered and moved onto three new continents. Immigration onto North America, South America, and Australia was still legal at that time because no previous humans had discovered these lands. The children of these first immigrants continued moving forward and eventually spread across the Americas and Australia. Other explorers from Asia found and moved to most of the islands in the Pacific Ocean. At that time, travel was hard but immigration was easy.

Five hundred years ago, Europeans sailed west in search of Asia. Instead, they found immigrants from Asia living in the Americas. When large numbers of Europeans began to arrive, many Asian-Americans feared that any goods consumed by the guests would leave too little left for their own population to survive. At that time, only limited numbers of bison, teepees, and jobs were available in America. Europeans, however, were living in much more crowded places and believed that land could be farmed, houses built, and jobs created in America more easily than in Europe. Many assumed they had a right to migrate, even if the natives said, “NO.”

For at least two centuries, the Asian-Americans fought to defend their continents from the new immigrants trying to move onto them. The citizens of America lost their long war against the immigrants from Europe and Africa. The winners earned by trade, by negotiation, by force, and by their larger numbers, their right to immigrate. Entry into the United States was free to nearly everyone during and after this war. The number of people living in the Americas thus rose rapidly. For example, the population of the United States today is hundreds of times larger than when Columbus landed.

In 1776, European-Americans living on the east coast of North America declared to the world that the pursuit of happiness is an inalienable right of all men. A century later, U.S. citizens were free to pursue happiness from the Atlantic coast to the Pacific coast, but aliens arriving from other lands had their inalienable rights removed. European-Americans began to believe that this land taken from the Asian-Americans was now theirs alone, and they didn’t need to share it with others. The previous owners had some reservations regarding this new claim of collective ownership. The Asian-Americans had hoped to keep rather than share their continents, but the immigrants came anyway.

After a century of welcoming all, the United States government changed its policy to “NO TRESPASSING” on the land of the free. Laws restricting entry into the United States began with one designed to keep out criminals and prostitutes in 1875. Migration across the Pacific Ocean was stopped over the next 40 years by laws excluding Chinese in 1882, Japanese in 1907, and all other Asians in 1917. A literacy test also passed in 1917 and required all other immigrants to read and write before standing on U.S. land.

Quotas on numbers of immigrants accepted from each foreign nation were enacted in 1921 and 1924. Foreigners with close relatives in the United States moved to the top of the waiting list and front of the line in 1965. Recently, American efforts to slow immigration were no match for the immigrants willing to cross its borders without waiting in line. Since 1986, U.S. employers must help the government take opportunities away from immigrants. Now, you can be fined or jailed if you give each person an equal chance to work.

DEMOCRACY

A foundation of democracy is that our governments should pass and enforce laws only if they have consent of the governed. In other words, we should get to vote on the laws that affect us. The immigration laws of a nation govern directly only the potential immigrants and not the citizens. The current residents of a nation may want to limit immigration, but the potential immigrants (the governed) probably would like to keep their options open. Laws that govern others without their consent and that allow some people to control others without their consent are not democratic. In a democratic world, immigrants could vote with their feet and fight for their rights.

The right to migrate already is law within most nations. In 1948, the United Nations declared that free migration should be permitted within every nation. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 1875 that all people within the United States may move from one state to another as they choose. Americans agree that their lives are better and their opportunities are increased because state border guards are illegal.

Similarly, a majority of the world's people might agree that each of us should be allowed to move, to work, and to live on any side of any international border. Attempts of any nation to deny us those opportunities should be illegal. Thus, international laws should require each nation to allow free immigration and emigration just as nations require states within to permit entry and exit of all citizens. Then, we will be citizens of the world instead of just a nation.

Almost everyone believes that, within nations, governments may tax the rich to help the poor. A majority of the world's people, including many residents of poor nations, might even vote to tax the rich in some other nation to help the poor in their own. In a democratic world, the rich could not get away from taxes simply by drawing a border between themselves and the poor. And in a democratic world, artificial borders could not keep the poor from moving to lands of opportunity.

Apartheid and immigration restriction are similar policies. First, draw a boundary around you and your friends or your nation and declare that you are a separate society and will each take care of each other. Then, declare that everyone outside your boundary belongs to some other society and they are responsible for their own problems. Apartheid, in which one group of people excludes and denies opportunity to others, is evil. Immigration restriction, in which one group of people excludes and denies opportunity to others, is equally evil.

Free migration will bring equality to the world's people but will take time. Forced migration of slaves was once used to equalize the supply and demand for labor around the world. More recently, the United States has used a mild form of forced migration to obtain equal rights and equal opportunities more quickly. Students sometimes are bused across neighborhood boundaries to equalize their opportunities.

In the world community, however, rich and poor nations keep their people separate, and their inequalities remain. An international busing plan and affirmative action for those hurt by immigration laws might reduce inequalities quickly. More cautiously, free migration and repeal of the international segregation laws would give each person a fair chance at success and provide increased opportunities for all.

MORALITY

People of high moral quality have worked hard to reduce many forms of discrimination within modern democracies and should be congratulated. Fewer people, however, have worked hard to take away the much more severe and harmful discrimination practiced at national borders.

This remaining form of discrimination harms the billions of people outside the nation and, instead of being outlawed, is promoted and enforced by national governments. This form of discrimination says to outsiders, "If you weren't born here, you don't belong here." The people who especially don't belong are economic migrants, people searching for a better life for themselves and their families.

Animals often are treated better than humans when they arrive at national borders. Fish swim from the rivers out into the oceans and back into the rivers again while refugees are turned away or arrested. Many mammals live as they choose on either side of national borders while humans confine themselves to one side. Geese and butterflies are allowed to live in Mexico in the winter, to tour the United States during the spring, and to raise families in Canada in the summer, all without even applying for a passport. Although some of these migrating animals are unemployed and homeless, most live well and few ask for government support. Should we somehow make geese settle down instead of flying to wherever life seems best, or should we make people more free to follow their example?

Immigrants can be treated as equals only if citizens give up some of their advantages. Do free people give up advantages so that others also can be free? Past events such as the American Civil War and World War II show that people sometimes sacrifice greatly to extend freedom to others.

A better analogy for immigration reform, though, is the example of men voting to allow women also to vote, which required little sacrifice from men except to repeal an unjust limitation. When those in power have good wills and lose their urge to limit the lives of others, the meek may finally inherit the earth.

Religious people often believe that their missionaries have a right to migrate and to build new churches in distant lands. A more useful, less costly idea might be to allow those in distant lands to worship here in our existing, unfilled churches. Some churches do have programs to help new immigrants. Instead of sending help to the needy in unfortunate, far-away places, churches should protest the immigration laws at home that force the needy to stay in unfortunate, faraway places.

Few people who have tried recently to move from a poorer to a richer nation have been able to claim, "I was a stranger, and you welcomed me." People who are chased away from the easier life and greater opportunities in the missionary's nation might conclude that the missionary is not so kind and the religion not believable. Practice what you preach.

ECONOMICS

Free market principles now are being taught and used across much of our world. In a free market, each person may choose what to buy, when to sell, where to live, how hard to work, etc., to maximize his or her own well-being, with just enuf (enough) rules to prevent one person from stealing from or hurting others.

Laws that limit other products or laborers from entering a market or a nation are seen as "protectionist." People who like the free market dislike such laws. Nations that keep goods and services out force their consumers to pay more. The outsiders willing to provide those goods and services for less are forced to remain in more limited markets and poorer jobs. Protectionist laws, including limits on immigration, reduce opportunities on both sides of the border.

Economists might agree that economic activity within a nation would decline if citizens were prevented from choosing where to live and to work within the nation. Economists also have observed that economies around the world are becoming linked. An economist able to put these two ideas together would predict that total economic activity of the world will be higher and average standard of living greater when citizens of the world are free to move around it.

Governments that count citizens as assets rather than liabilities might expect to profit by obtaining more citizens using immigration. Open borders allow new taxpayers to enter freely, but advertising and incentives could speed the flow of immigration and yield higher long-term profits to the government. A greedy government might set up an agency to search for potential immigrants around the world, to help them move to and get established in their new country, to learn its rules, and eventually to become its citizens. Such an agency could be given a nice name such as Immigration and Naturalization Service so that immigrants would think its goal was to help them.

Social welfare programs often are used to ensure a good life for all the citizens of a nation. Some nations have welfare support levels much higher than the average income in other nations, and the “poor people” in one nation might look rich to most other people in the world. With free migration and many poorer people entering a nation, fewer welfare dollars would be left for its own, richer people. Removing some comfort, security, and money from the rich to give increased opportunity and a better life to the poor is regarded by most people as a good thing to do. The really poor of the world may have little chance of becoming rich in their current country but might easily do well in another.

POPULATION

Free migration does not affect total population or average population density, it simply allows people to live where they want to live. Certain areas of the world could soon become overcrowded if the right to migrate was granted to all. Some areas already are crowded, but keep in mind that people living in crowded places like New York City, Tokyo, or Mexico City are there voluntarily. Some limits on migration might be needed, but these should be mutually agreed by all people affected.

The world's people might want to limit migration into certain protected lands, just as citizens within nations have mutually agreed not to live in city, state, or national parks. Perhaps the world would declare the United States to be an international park where foreigners could visit but only natives could stay. Earlier Americans proposed this same idea to Columbus when he came to visit.

The whole planet was a park before humans began using parts of it to live, to work, and to play on. Humans may wish to remember the earth's earlier condition by protecting certain wilderness areas, but these protected areas surely would not include Chicago, Barcelona, or Melbourne. Protection of a city or nation from peaceful entrants is simple protectionism: denial of equal opportunity to others.

People wishing to limit immigration sometimes compare their nation's situation to that of a lifeboat. They would like to help the struggling immigrants, but they fear their whole boat might sink if any more people are let in. This analogy is backward, however, because many of the potential immigrants actually do arrive in little lifeboats, while the citizens that send them back to sea stand securely on large continents that have little chance of sinking.

Even the best land can support only limited numbers of people. Some nations feel they already have their fair share of the world's people and want no more. People living in densely populated nations might see immigration reform as long deserved land reform. People with lots of land might think that overpopulated nations are responsible for their own problems. The Americans that greeted Columbus may have hoped that the European nations would solve their own problems instead of shipping their people overseas.

If we stop immigration out of more populated nations, then we discriminate against people because they exist. If the world is overpopulated, then excuse me for living. If I use too much space or resources, then I’m ashamed. But if I decide to move and to make life better, then I’m not ashamed. Citizens of overpopulated nations today should be allowed to move and to make life better, just as European citizens did centuries ago.

Nations with the most people will have the most votes in the democratic world to come. When international law reflects the majority's urge to be free, national borders will be reopened to immigration.

REALITY

Equal rights and opportunities for all people are nice in theory but will so much freedom work well in practice? What problems could result from opening all borders to all immigrants? Should some nations again accept all immigrants even while other nations continue to block the pursuit of happiness? Do the benefits of free migration outweigh all costs?

Free migration across continent-sized areas of the earth seems to work well. Residents of Perth, Australia may move to Sydney, or to any other town on that continent, without asking anyone’s permission. Similarly, citizens of the United States can move freely across most of the North American continent and even to and from Hawaii and other islands far away.

Citizens of Panama, Russia, and Turkey each can migrate back and forth across portions of two continents. Free migration across the globe also might work well but must overcome the larger differences in language, religion, and income across nations or continents as compared to within.

When people move, populations become mixed. With free migration, people of many different backgrounds might choose to live in the same place. After generations of migration, your neighborhood might begin to look like an Olympic village. Perhaps all of the United States will someday look like Hawaii. Table 5 shows the result of past migration to Hawaii. In states, nations, and continents of the future, no nationality might have a majority, and life might be good.

Table 5. The Hawaii example: descendants from each place of origin as a percentage of total Hawaii population.

Continent	Country	Continent %	Country %
Asia		41
	Japan		30.4
	Philippines		9.5
	China		1.3
	Korea		0.3
Pacific Islands		26
	Native Hawaiian		2.1
	Part Hawaiian		23.2
	Samoa		0.2
Europe		22
	Portugal		7.5
	Other		14.6
Africa		<1
Mixed		9
Other		1

Total		100	100

Source: 1975 Office of Economic Opportunity census of 833,448 Hawaiians. Published in Immigration Issues in Hawaii. 1978. Washington, DC: United States Commission on Civil Rights.

Bad effects of free migration could include increased crime, disorder, and temporary unemployment. Employers might fire overpaid, protected, local labor and instead hire unprotected, underpaid immigrants, thus ensuring that equal work gets equal pay. Governments and political systems could be changed as large numbers of new immigrants get the right to vote. Nations with citizens that leave in large numbers also may face difficult times. The lower economic activity and loss of laborers might cause the remaining citizens to demand that their government change.

The East German government recently changed when control of migration failed and its citizens threatened to leave in large numbers. However, freedom to leave would have been no good and the threat to leave not believed unless the people had places to go. Many western nations worried about possible costs of accepting thousands of poor from the east. One government treated the people across the border as equals of its own citizens and thereby soon obtained the citizens and land on the other side of the border as its own. If more good governments followed this example of welcoming others, more bad governments soon might fall.

PATRIOTISM

The Pledge of Allegiance is a statement of loyalty to the United States and ends with the words “with liberty and justice for all.” George Bush repeated those words often as a presidential candidate in 1988, but while president he broke that pledge by withholding liberty and justice from millions of potential Americans trying to enter the United States. Americans who stop others from becoming Americans are not patriots, and people who prefer their nation’s current citizens to its future citizens are not very futuristic. Perhaps patriotism should be defined as the desire that one's nation actually attempt to provide “liberty and justice for all.”

Patriotic Americans often have said yes to the idea of letting more people become patriotic Americans. Thomas Jefferson believed that “all men are created equal” and that each person has a right to pursue happiness. He asked again for open immigration policies and a shorter wait for citizenship in his 1801 State of the Union address as president. Abraham Lincoln’s 1864 Republican Party Platform stated his belief that “Foreign immigration which in the past has added so much to the wealth, resources, and increase in power to this nation - the asylum of the oppressed of all nations - should be fostered and encouraged by a liberal and just policy.” Presidents Wilson and Truman both vetoed new limits on immigration. John F. Kennedy remarked, “In giving rights to others which belong to them, we give rights to ourselves and our country.”

“Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free...” Are Americans still free to believe in and to act upon these words carved into the statue of Liberty Enlightening the World? Is it possible to enlighten others in the world by telling them to keep out, which clearly limits their liberty? Do current immigration laws usually favor the tired and poor or rich and connected?

Patriots believe in holding on to national principles, not simply in holding on to national advantages. If the people wishing to enter my nation are friendly, the people standing in their way are my enemies.

RESPONSIBILITY

In times of war, people may be held responsible for the acts of their government. Soldiers shoot at each other without knowing who or which of them is responsible for the war. Whole cities are leveled so that the people can no longer support their government. Enemies have few rights during war, and governments may also remove some rights from their own citizens. Large numbers of soldiers may be drafted and sent to fight in the war against their will. The right to migrate, like many other rights, may not exist during war.

Embargos may be used instead of war when one government breaks the rules of international society. The embargoed nation and its people will then suffer from the lack of goods normally available. Because many embargoed nations are not democracies, the people there may feel they are not responsible for their government but would simply like to leave it. The only way to vote against their government is with their feet. Why should they stay and work for an evil system?

Allowing a government's taxpayers to escape might do it more harm than refusing to let goods from the outside in. When good governments refuse people, bad governments get to control them.

During peace, citizens of all nations might expect to go in peace. The closing of borders to immigrants might be seen by the rest of the world as an act of war. Instead of sending their armies out to steal land from neighbors, such nations steal land from the rest of Earth simply by making it unavailable. Force is required in either case to take land away from the people who would like to live on it. Governments defend their actions by claiming that those across the border are responsible for their own overpopulation and poverty.

Population growth rates are still high in many nations even though governments promote smaller families, birth control, and sterilization for their citizens. The largest nation, China, encourages couples to have just one child. A one-child or no-child family in China has caused no overpopulation and so should not be locked inside China for this crime. Even the fourth child in a Chinese family causes less overpopulation than the author, who was the fifth in his American family.

Families that use more space and resources also cause crowding for everyone else. If the people of a crowded nation are blamed for having too many children, the people of less populated nations should share equal blame for fencing off such large areas of earth for their exclusive use. These fences force the crowded to remain crowded generation after generation even if they limit population growth to zero. Nations that build fences simply steal away the rights of others. The use of force to obtain an extra slice of the pie is not responsible: it is theft.

The use of force to keep poor people in poverty is also irresponsible. A fence and border guards do not result in equal opportunity. If good jobs are not available in one nation, let its people find them in another. If one nation has no resources and the next has plenty, let them share. Sharing is much better than stealing, which is how the governments in North America, South America, and Australia obtained their territory. Poor people should not apologize for being born in a bad place. They should move.

STRATEGIES

When the world’s people join in international democracy, we will all get to choose where to live and to work. Until that happens, a plan to get us to our goal is needed. We who respect the rights and opinions of all people today will lead the way toward and be best prepared to deal with true democracy and true freedom for all people when that time comes.

Billions of people have been refused the right to migrate. Potential immigrants have not been well organized and cannot vote on laws that would allow them to enter the nations they choose. Freedom of immigration can be obtained, but only with pressure from those willing to vote for the rights of others.

All candidates for public office should be asked to comment on immigration policy. By making immigration a larger issue in local and national elections and in international politics, citizens eventually might elect governments willing to recognize the rights of others. When the citizens of each nation succeed in electing governments more friendly to foreigners, the right to migrate will become universal.

Leaders in the fight for the right to migrate may be those already acting on their beliefs, obeying their right to pursue happiness, and thereby disobeying the current, immoral laws. A previous leader, Martin Luther King, Jr., was often arrested for going to and into places that other people said were reserved just for them. During the 1960's, the United States realized that segregation was wrong and changed its laws. World equality will come when world leaders finally put an end to segregation.

Immigration laws should be challenged in court using the commonly accepted principle that one group of adults may not limit the actions of another group of adults without their consent. Only international governments may control international migration, and even then the individual’s right to pursuit of happiness, liberty, and life should have high priority.

Protests and visible anger outside the United States might help convince the United States to repeal its restrictive immigration laws. But even if the people of China, Japan, India, and Africa get very angry, they could not, even all working together, hope to defeat the United States, to take away its land, and to put its people on reservations, as its people did to the previous residents. Such action perhaps could be justified, but a better approach for those living in other lands is simply to appeal to the moral conscience of the American people and their respect for human rights, including the right to migrate.

Ideas, actions, and policies that cause much good for many people generally are favored. The numbers of potential immigrants and the potential increases in their standards of living are large. The policy of reopening closed borders has big benefits and small costs, which makes free migration a right worth having. Let’s act on this idea. The right to migrate should belong not only to animals but also to humans again.

Chapter 4

POEMS FOR IMMIGRANTS

Your own experiences or my words and logic may have convinced you by now that migration is okay. Other people are not as easily convinced by cold, hard reasoning. They would prefer a friendly poem instead of an argument. I like to read cold, hard logic instead of poems, but I also like to listen to music. The words that you hear in songs are really just poems. The best music and songs sell many copies that get played over and over again. Books of poems sell poorly and then sit for years collecting dust after you take them home, if anyone does. Even though my cold, hard logic said that I shouldn't have, I wrote 12 poems and included them in this chapter.

Titles of the poems are:

Not American Yet Let Yourselves In

Here in Bangladesh

Have, Have Not

Surface of Sphere

Dr. Chen on Set-Aside Land

Dred Scott, Afraid Not

Our State: Stay Out

Study, then Leave

We, The People

Musical Countries

National Cages

Global Happiness

Some of these poems just provide philosophy, some describe imagined events, and some describe real people and real events. Dred Scott was a real person who thought that he was free to migrate until the U.S. Supreme Court told him to leave Illinois and go back to slavery. One of my real friends from China, Dr. Chen, helped me to write one of the poems. I may have learned more about the United States from his questions than he learned from my answers during his sabbatical visit to Iowa.

One poem refers to several of my fellow graduate students, their spouses, and their children. The foreign students and I took all the same classes and received the same college degrees. When we graduated, I took one of the jobs listed on the college bulletin board and they took a flight out of the country. That’s the law.

The final poem gives some general philosophy that may be worth a try.

The poems are written with verses and choruses so that eventually they could be composed into an album of songs. Right now they are just a chapter of poems. You should skip to the next chapter if you like songs but not poems.

Not American Yet

Been studying, been practicing

Learned the alphabet

Been hoping, been praying

But not American yet

Gonna get there some day

If it's nice, I will stay

Who cares if your quotas are met

Citizen east, meet citizen west

Sit at the feast, meet dozens of guests

Citizen south, meet citizen north

Thousands shut out, might fit in this fort

Been scheming, been dreaming

My move is now planned

Been packing, been waiting

Time to cross Rio Grande

Gonna make things that say

Made in U. S. of A.

Til you catch and deport me again

Citizen east, meet citizen west

Sit at the feast, meet dozens of guests

Citizen south, meet citizen north

Thousands shut out, might fit in this fort

Been thinking, been asking

What is right, who is wrong?

Been living, been working

Where I think I belong

Gonna live life my way

Where I'm born ain't where I stay

Earth is small, we can all get along

Let Yourselves In

I love my part of earth

I earned it by birth.

You were born in a dump

So you must clean it up.

I don't care anymore

To open my door.

Keep knocking, I won't let you in.

Keep dreaming, I won't let you in.

If you come to my country, I'll ask you to go.

If you’d like to get lucky, my answer is no.

Billions of you, what can I do?

Freedom’s nice, but it’s not for you.

Equal rights better not come true.

My country's so great.

I'm in it, you ain't.

Your country's nowhere.

Feel free to stay there.

You can ask til you’re blue.

I won't answer you.

Keep asking, I won't let you in.

Keep trying, I won't let you in.

If you come to my country, I'll ask you to go.

If you’d like to get lucky, my answer is no.

Billions of you, what can I do?

Freedom’s nice, but it’s not for you.

Equal rights better not come true.

Eventually you'll win;

You'll let yourselves in.

You’ll realize some hour

That with numbers, there's power.

Use the new world order:

Sue to get thru my border.

Outvote me, and then you'll get in.

Outvote me, and let yourselves in.

Surface of Sphere

Earth's surface is just the right size

Each person needs just a nice slice

Each acre that's spare

Equals some other's share

Four times pi R squared

What we have here, is surface of sphere

Turns once each day, circles sun each year

Many square miles, some empty some dense

Few continents, few billion residents

Australians, have very much

East Asians, hardly enough

We can't change the land

We can change our stand

We'll cross those lines in our sand

All of us here on this surface of sphere

Turn once each day, circle sun each year

Few continents, few billion residents

Turn none away, let's be free not fenced

Longitude deals with time zones

Latitude distance from poles

From space, you're a dot

There's space for a lot

You decide your best spot

All of us here on this surface of sphere

Turn once each day, circle sun each year

Few continents, few billion residents

Turn none away, let's be free not fenced

Have, Have Not

Mountains of food, mountains of food

We'd eat it all… If we could

Surplus of land, way too much land

Export it all… To Japan

Have, have not. We have, you've not.

Border guards between us

Put there by meanness

A meanness that we have, you've not.

Happy people, pampered people

Having it all… Is legal

Poor foreigners, strange foreigners

Stay outside all… Our borders

Have, have not. We have, you've not.

Border guards between us

Put there by meanness

A meanness that we have, you've not.

Our nation's big, our neighbors' trig

Tells them we all… Are like pigs

Wipe out your sin, wipe off your chin

Invite them all… To come in

Have, have not. We have, you've not.

Border guards between us

Put there by meanness

A meanness that we have, you've not.

Here in Bangladesh

No luck before, no chair no more

No luxuries before the flood

Now all we have is mud

No charity, no more disgrace

Now we will leave this place

Not much to lose, not much to miss

Just friends here in Bangladesh.

We hope to move, we must confess

From our home here in Bangladesh.

Where should we be, my family?

Where should we build our future house:

Russia, Brazil, or Laos?

Where should we raise our family:

Ukraine or Italy?

Not much to lose, not much to miss

Just friends here in Bangladesh.

We hope to move, we must confess

From our home here in Bangladesh.

My friends just might reverse my plight

My friends all say, write an essay

To enter USA

To whom it may, we'll come to stay

Migration is okay

My words just might, reverse my plight

Migration is my right.

You'll see the light, you'll say all right

Migration is our right.

Not much to lose, not much to miss

Just friends here in Bangladesh.

We hope to move, we must confess

From our home here in Bangladesh.

Dr. Chen on Set-Aside Land

Field real flat, what crop that?

Profound question, Professor Chen

No mouths it feeds, we call it weeds

This farm dumb? His head numb?

His empty plot, earned him a lot

My taxes went, to pay his rent

Why you waste, such big space?

These fields produce, too much for us

If no demand, we set aside land

No one here, wrong time year?

Chen, you can see, our land’s empty

But you can’t hide, you’re set aside

Huge country, here I free?

You can be free, through '83

You then must go, visa says so

Where you from, wasteful one?

From Europe's shores, my ancestors

Fought Sioux for farms, Their land's now ours

Come your shore, billion more?

Immigrant ships, can't make more trips

'Cause we control, these fields we stole

Unload boats, then count votes?

Chen I approve, it's time to move

Malianwa, to Iowa

Dred Scott, Afraid Not

Move this man back to misery

He's not Dred Scott, his master is me

Haul these Haitians home to Haiti

Ease back these blacks into slavery

Force these foreigners to flee

And teach them each why they're not free

We're shocked and stunned

Slaves must not come

Straight from their slums to steal freedom

Step on free land, we'll stop you and

We'll ship you back, you stupid man

Dred Scott, afraid not.

When will World War II expire?

Erase these Asians from our empire

Rush these Russians to Red Square

We have to have more room to spare

Irish isle lacks food this year

We'll ship some chips, just don't come here

We're shocked and stunned

They must not come

Straight from their slums to steal freedom

Step on free land, we'll stop you and

We'll ship you back, you stupid man

Dred Scott, afraid not.

Quotas keep our club empty

No room for humans in this country

Dred's old dream is dangerous thinkin' We'll kick you quick off the Land o'Lincoln

Finally find your freedom, boy?

No sir, master, not in Illinois

Our State: Stay Out

We can't go to Chicago

We'll annoy all Illinois

Strict new law restricts Utah

For the best with border test

Gays and straights from lesser states

Have been banned from Maryland

Delaware, you're well aware

Voted for this quota war

Imitate, emulate. Mighty nations mimic states

Immigrate, escalate. Isn't nativism great?

Our state, stay out. Stay out of our state

Fifty states, stay out. Stay out of our states

No new work so now New York

Saves its jobs for native snobs

Tried in vain to hide in Maine

They all first ask place of birth

Small Vermont has all they want

Georgian cops yell foreign! stop!

Texas fear ejects us we're

Just aliens like Mexicans

Imitate, emulate. Mighty nations mimic states

Immigrate, escalate. Isn't nativism great?

Our state, stay out. Stay out of our state

Fifty states, stay out. Stay out of our states

Study, then Leave

One from Taiwan, two from Thailand

Were my good friends, went back as planned

One Syrian, two Tunisians

Were Iowans, now home again

Two from Kenya, four from Brazil

I gained from you, I got no bill

Born on our soil, but Moms sent back

To Cairo, Seoul, Brazil, Iraq

In U.S. you'll learn… philosophy

Study to earn… highest degree

No time to burn… school isn't free

When done return… to poverty

Pack up pre-doc, back to Peru

Why you cry doc? China needs you

Why you wanna, stay and not fly

To Botswana, to Uruguay?

Two found true luck, I watched marry

U.S. to Dutch, U.S. - Chile

Once in awhile, we let you stay

Mostly we smile, just go away

In U.S. you'll learn… philosophy

Study to earn… highest degree

No time to burn… school isn't free

When done return… to poverty

We, The People of Earth

Beware when your rules limit life for me

Be careful, it’s cruel to crush liberty

Men cherish pursuit of happiness

Declare this old truth self-evident

Hear ye. Hear ye. Here is our call

We pledge liberty and justice for all

From third world to first

Every person on earth

Hears that dream from the past

We'll be free, free at last

We do best we can, we obey golden rule

We soon hope to end segregation, it's cruel

But you may not enter, we take who we choose

Exclusion again, immigration refused

Hear ye. Hear ye. Here is our call

We pledge liberty and justice for all

From third world to first

We, the people of earth

Have a right to move

Cast your vote. It's approved

We're told that a wealthy minority

Controls the world's working majority

We know we can earn equality

Be bold, demand world democracy

Hear ye. Hear ye. Here is our call

We pledge liberty and justice for all

From south pole to north

We, the people of earth

Seek more perfect union

A new birth of freedom

E pluribus pluribus unum

Musical Countries

Round and round, glued to globe

Gravity won't let go

Change the law, let us roam

Which nation should be home?

Which country should you call home?

Take life slow, leave Tokyo

Maybe go try Mexico

Hate success and high-tech stress?

Start afresh in Bangladesh

Flee Great Wall, fly to St. Paul

Head to mall, and have it all

Round and round, legally

Disregarding gravity

No more wait, your mass is free

Go find opportunity Greater opportunity

City's full, you're sick of Seoul?

Instead you'll love Istanbul

Stupid plan to pick Sudan

Pack again for Pakistan

Mozambique's no easy hike

Can Mom make Bombay by bike?

Round and round, a steady pace

Lots of time and tons of space

Plot your course, win your race

Cross our line with happy face

Cross our line, or smile in place

Like less toil? Let's live from oil!

Rich and royal, on Saudi soil

Can't grow grain in dry Bahrain?

Catch a plane, remain in Spain

Farm near Perth or work Fort Worth

Find pay dirt on foreign earth

Round and round, you and me

Census count makes us see

Tons of space in some countries

People waiting patiently

People going to be free

Friendly Canada now plans

No more ban on fellow man

Tensions ease, we cross the seas

No more seized as enemies

Universe for you to search

Foreigners, at home on earth

Round and round, it's bound to be

Brave new world where all are free

Bring me to reality

Really do let all be free

Really do let my friends be

National Cages

In national cages the people keep still

They exercise daily with little free will

The zookeepers watch for a fight, for a thrill

The fence is so strong it is wrong

The border is, too, it’s strong and it’s wrong

A nation so strong must be wrong

Who said zoos were fair?

Who’d choose to bed there?

To move is forbidden, instead you just stare

Through bars and closed borders at lands that look spare

So lucky do some nations’ natives appear

We’re locked in our zoo once again one more year

In national cages we sit like an ape

Not happy to stay, just scared to escape

Afraid if we break out, we’ll miss our inmates

The animals snooze and they lose

Those caught in the zoo, they snooze, and they lose

The humans, they snooze, and they lose

Who said zoos were fair?

Who’d choose to bed there?

To move is forbidden, instead you just stare

Through bars and closed borders at lands that look spare

How stunted do some nations’ natives appear

We’re stuck in our zoo once again one more year

From national cages we finally escape

We notice our neighbors are humans, not apes

The guards in the way just open the gates

The animals see us go free

The humans do too, they know we'll be free

The humans, yes we, will go free

Global Happiness

How are you world?

Heard you were blue Have you been harmed?

Who would hurt you?

Humans were sad, but they had no excuse

How to be happy? Here is a clue

Have you been told of this wonderful plan:

The highest of goals, the sum over man?

Youngsters and mothers, aliens too

Do unto others as they should to you

Measure earth's happiness, treasure her sum

Make sure earth has enuf, for everyone

Smiles for the masses, geysers of fun

Square miles of laughter, pleasure by the ton

Make sure we have, a heavenly time

No telling how tall our total could climb

Make sure we have, a heavenly climb

No rush to run up the rungs, we have time

His, hers, mine, yours

Increase the total, including your own

His plus hers plus mine plus yours

Think of the total, instead of your own

Multiplication makes the sum grow Lots of locations creation can go

Add to earth’s total, subtract what is owed

Maximize happiness over this globe

Measure earth's happiness, treasure her sum

Make sure earth has enuf, for everyone

Smiles for the masses, geysers of fun

Square miles of laughter, pleasure by the ton

Make sure we have, a heavenly time

No telling how tall our total could climb

Make sure we have, a heavenly climb

No rush to run up the rungs, we have time

Chapter 5

SONGS FOR IMMIGRANTS

Table 6. Songs for Immigrants

_________________ Side One ______________________

____	Song / Group _____ Year ___ Key Words from the Song ___________________
1	Message in a Bottle	I'm sending out an S.O.S. to the world
	The Police 1979	Hundred billion castaways looking for a home
2	America	I've come to look for America
	Simon and Garfunkel 1972	They've all come to look for America
3	Border Song	Holy Moses, I have been removed
	Elton John 1974	Holy Moses, let us live in peace
4	Mexico	Oh, Mexico. I've never really been, but I'd sure like to
	James Taylor 1977	go. I forgot to go home, I guess I'll have to go now
5	Immigration Man	Let me in, immigration man
	Crosby and Nash 1972	Let me in, irritation man
6	On the Turning Away	Just a world that we all must share. Is it only a dream
	Pink Floyd 1988	that there will be no more turning away?
7	Chicago/Change the World	We can change the world, rearrange the world. Rules
	Graham Nash 1988	and regulations, who needs them? Open up the door
8	I'm Just a Singer	I'm just a wandering on the face of this earth
	Moody Blues 1972	Meeting so many people who are trying to be free
9	Gimmie Shelter	If I don't get some shelter I'm gonna fade away
	Rolling Stones 1969	War ... is just a shot away, love ... is just a kiss away
10	Love Walks In	Some kind of alien waits for an opening,
	Van Halen 1986	then... comes walking in
11	Goin Mobile	Keep me moving. Watch the police and the tax man
	The Who 1971	miss me. The world’s my home when I’m mobile.

________________________________________________

Table 6. Songs for Immigrants (cont.)

_____________ Side Two ___________________________

____ Song / Group ___ Year___ Key Words from the Song

12	Illegal Alien	Over the border, the promised land, everything is easy
	Genesis 1983	I don't trust anyone, it's no fun being an illegal alien
13	Imagine	Imagine there's no country, imagine all the people
	John Lennon 1975	living life in peace, sharing all the world
14	Come Sail Away	I'm sailing away, because I've got to be free
	STYX 1977	We'll search for tomorrow on every shore
15	Breakfast in America	Take a gamble, cross the water. I'm hoping it's going
	SuperTramp 1979	to come true, but there's not a lot I can do
16	Bridge Over Troubled Water	I'm on your side, like a bridge over troubled water
	Simon and Garfunkel 1970	I'm sailing right behind, like a bridge over troubled water
17	America	On boats and on planes, they come into America
	Neil Diamond 1981	Never looking back, they come into America today
18	Proper Stranger	Take my hand and show me where to go
	The Guess Who 1969	I'm a proper stranger, all alone with a million others
19	Share the Land	I'll shake your hand, I'll share the land
	The Guess Who 1970	that they'll be giving away when we all live together
20	Deportees	They chase you like outlaws, like rustlers, and thieves
	Woody Guthrie 1961	And all they will call you will be deportees
21	Long, Long Way from Home	I hope we'll be here when they're thru with us. Millions
	Foreigner 1977	of faces, still I'm alone. I'm a long, long way from home
22	Wooden Ships	If you smile at me, I'll understand, that's the same
	Crosby, Stills, and Nash 1988	language everywhere. People on the shore let us be free

________________________________________________

Table 6. Songs for Immigrants (cont.)

____________ Side Three ______________________

___ Song / Group ____Year___ Key Words from the song

23	Two Tickets to Paradise		I’m gonna take you on a trip so far from here.
	Eddie Money 1977		Pack your bags. I’ve got two tickets to paradise.
24	From Silver Lake		She’ll find him waiting for his boat in some city far away.
	Jackson Brown 1972		He wanted just to be on his way across the sea.
25	Rock Me on the Water		The road is filled with homeless souls. I’m gonna leave
	Jackson Brown	1972	you here and get down to the sea. The wind is with me.
26	Love Train		People all over the world join hands, get on board,
	O Jays	1972	start a love train. The next stop will be ...
27	Brandy		Lonely sailors talk about their homes. He couldn’t stay,
	Looking Glass	1972	no harbor was his home. My life, love, and lady is the sea.
28	Goin to California		Made up my mind to make a new start, I’m going to
	Led Zeppelin	1971	California. I took my chances on a big jet plane.
29	Immigrant Song		We'll drive our ships to new land
	Led Zeppelin	1970	Peace and trust can win the day
30	Kashmir		I am a traveler of both time and space. I will return again.
	Led Zeppelin	1975	We’ll move into Kashmir. Let me take you there.
31	Katmandu		I want to go somewhere where nobody knows my name.
	Bob Seger	1975	I’ll miss the USA but nobody loves me here anyway.
32	Walking on the Moon		We could walk forever walking on the moon.
	The Police 1979		We could be together walking on the moon.
33	I’d Love to Change the World		I’d love to change the world, but I don’t know what
	Ten Years After 1971		to do, so I leave it up to you.

_______________________________________________

Chapter 6

MOVIES FOR IMMIGRANTS

Table 7. Movies for Immigrants

___ Movie / Star ___ Type / Source ____ Year / Length / Summary _____________

1.	The Alamo	Western	1960, 3 hr, 40 min
	John Wayne		Americans immigrate into Mexico and then fight to remove Texas from Mexico.
2.	An American Tail	Cartoon	1986, 1 hr 21 min
	Steven Spielberg	Universal	A Russian mouse family risks an ocean voyage to find an America with fewer, friendlier cats.
3.	The Amistad	History	1997, 2 hr 30 min
		Dreamworks	Mutiny on a slave ship gives African citizens the right to return to their homes.
4.	The Border	Drama	1981, 1 hr 48 min
	Jack Nicholson	Universal	A Texas border guard sees that a better life for himself is not worth the great harm his job causes to others.
5.	Born in East L.A.	Comedy	1987, 1 hr 25 min
	Cheech Marin	Universal	An American gets no chance to return home after being deported by mistake to Mexico.
6.	Casablanca	Drama	1943, 1 hr 42 min
	Humphrey Bogart	Warner Bros	A man with no nation hosts refugees from many nations awaiting visas to nations still free.
7.	Coming to America	Comedy	1988, 1 hr 57 min
	Eddie Murphy	Paramount	A wealthy young man travels overseas to find a bride to share the good life with him in Africa.
8.	Coneheads	Comedy	1993, 1 hr 30 min
	Dan Aykroyd	Paramount	Illegal aliens from the planet Romulus use fake documents to trick the Immigration and Naturalization Service.
9.	El Norte	Drama	1983, 2 hr 19 min
	Zaide Gutierrez	Engl. subt.	Two Native-Americans flee Guatemala to search for better lives farther north on their continent.

__________________________________________________________________________

Table 7. Movies for Immigrants (cont.)

___ Movie / Star ____ Type / Source ____ Year / Length / Summary _____________

10.	Far and Away	Drama	1992, 2 hr 20 min
	Tom Cruise	Universal	Two Irish immigrants find freedom and free land in an America that welcomed all.
11.	Fitzcarraldo	Drama	1982, 2 hr 38 min
	Klaus Kiniski	Anchor Bay	An Irishman succeeds against great odds at building an opera house in the Peru jungle.
12.	Golden Gate	Drama	1993, 1 hr 30 min
	Matt Dillon	Am. Playhouse	An FBI agent in San Francisco hunts for evil in Chinatown and finds good instead.
13.	A Great Wall	Comedy	1987, 1 hr 42 min
	Peter Wang	Mainline	A Chinese-American executive returns to China after 20 years to visit a sister he left behind.
14.	Green Card	Comedy	1991, 1 hr 47 min
	Gerard Depardieu	Touchstone	A fake marriage to fool the Immigration and Naturalization Service somehow leads to love.
15.	Gung Ho	Comedy	1986, 1 hr 50 min
	Michael Keaton	Paramount	Japanese managers are invited to a small U.S. town to run its car factory and save its jobs.
16.	Hawaii	Drama	1966, 3 hr 6 min
	James Michener	UA	Chinese, Japanese, Americans and Hawaiians all try to live together on a few small islands.
17.	Hunt for Red October	Drama	1990, 2 hr 15 min
	Sean Connery	Paramount	Immigration is a very risky move for the commander of a Soviet submarine.
18.	Idaho Closes Its Borders Comedy		1997, 1 hr 40 min
	Beau Bridges HBO		The governor of Idaho refuses to welcome refugees and causes a civil war.

__________________________________________________________________________

Table 7. Movies for Immigrants (cont.)

___ Movie / Star ____ Type / Source __ Year / Length / Summary _____________

19.	The Immigrant	Silent, Comedy	1917, 20 min
	Charles Chaplin	Mutual	Two immigrants become friends on their voyage to America and continue their friendship on land.
20.	Inn of 6th Happiness	Biography	1958, 3 hr
	Ingrid Bergman		An English woman travels to China, becomes a citizen, gains friends, and adopts a family.
21.	Josephine Baker Story	Biography	1991, 2 hr 9 min
	Lynn Whitfield	HBO	An African-American woman finds fame and fortune in Paris as a dancer.
22.	Journey of Hope	Drama	1990, 1 hr 51 min
	Xavier Koller	Engl. subtitles	A Kurdish family from Turkey risk and lose everything in their illegal attempt to find a better life in Switzerland.
23.	The Joy Luck Club	Drama	2 hr 19 min
	Tsai Chan	Hollywood Pict.	Asian-Americans search for lost relatives and share experiences from both sides of the Pacific.
24.	Lonely in America	Drama	1991, 1 hr 34 min
		Arista	An Indian immigrant to NY uses night school and hard work to avoid loneliness and find success.
25.	My Family	Drama	2 hr 7 min
	Jimmy Smits	Engl. subtitles	A Hispanic family stays in America even though the mother, a U.S. citizen, is deported.
26.	Out of Africa	Drama	1985, 2 hr 41 min
	Meryl Streep	Universal	A European woman in colonial Africa eventually returns to Denmark, a place where her Kenyan friends cannot go.

_____________________________________________________________________________

Table 7. Movies for Immigrants (cont.)

___ Movie / Star _____ Type / Source ___ Year / Length / Summary _____________

27.	A Passage to India	Drama	1984, 2 hr 43 min
	Judy Davis	Columbia	British immigrants to colonial India make new friendships that are nearly ruined by a false accusation.
28.	The Perez Family	Drama	1995, 2 hr 15 min
	Marisa Tomei	Sam Goldwyn	Cuban immigrants learn to help each other in a land where few people help you.
29.	The Quiet Man	Drama	1952, 2 hr 33 min
	John Wayne	RPC	An American prizefighter moves to Ireland to find peace but finds turmoil instead.
30.	The Savage	Western	1952, 1 hr 35 min
	Charlton Heston	Paramount	A few people with much land fight against many more who wish to immigrate.
31.	Ten Commandments	Religious	1956, 4 hr 5 min
	Charton Heston	Paramount	Moses wins the right to migrate and leads a large exodus out of Egypt.
32.	1000 Pieces of Gold	Drama	1992, 1 hr 40 min
	Rosalind Chao	Maverick	A Chinese woman is sold to an Oregon miner, is freed, is pushed around, and finally stands her ground in this new land.
33.	The Three Amigos	Comedy	1986, 2 hr
	Chevy Chase	Orion	Three American film stars fight for truth, justice, and the American way in Mexico.

Chapter 7

IMMIGRANTS

Real migration lets real people find better lives. In this chapter, twelve recent immigrants give you an idea of who they are and what they have come to find in the United States. Before you see their essays, I try to explain where my own ideas came from and how I came to believe that foreigners are people, too.

ESSAY 0 by P. V. from the United States

On the farm where I grew up, we were too busy feeding the world to think much about foreigners or immigration. We knew that the hungry people were far away and sometimes saw pictures of them standing in long lines in Africa or Asia to receive our American grain. My family and I worked overtime to grow more grain to give to charity. While just a teenager, I saw the solution to both problems. Hungry people shouldn't be standing in long lines; they should be here helping us.

Only one other house could be seen from our house, and it belonged to a Korean woman and American man who met and married while he was in the army. Our lives didn’t seem too crowded because of her, and on hot days she would bring a cold drink for us when we were working near their house. Their young children brightened the neighborhood.

In a college town, you see more foreigners and get more chances to think about life from their viewpoints. Most students come for just a few years, but many stay. American students often complain about the foreign accents of their professors and teaching assistants. Because college is expensive, students want to hear clear lessons. If students learn about not only the usual lesson but also about other ideas, languages, and cultures through those foreign accents, then they can get several skills at once.

At the University of Illinois, the most advanced course I took was taught by a professor from Uruguay. The substitute teacher was from Sri Lanka. They both did a great job. Professors for some of my other college courses were from France, India, and Japan. Travel is not so necessary if the world comes to you. Also, I began to notice that foreigners often will talk about important topics that few Americans care about.

As a graduate student, I was surrounded by foreigners. They came at me from all directions, captured my attention, and left with it. From Africa came a woman who wanted to solve bigger problems than those found in America. One day she met me on the stairs and screamed “I hate all Americans!” Slowly, I began to agree with her. From India came a friend who could laugh and smile all day, watch M-TV all night, and then out-think all of the Americans in class. From Iraq, a volunteer who helped teach me computer programming. And from Germany, someone whose interests were closer to mine than any American I had met.

The graduate student offices at Iowa State were not segregated. Each office held about five people. In one office, the five students were from five different continents. In most offices, at least three continents were represented. My own office had mostly Americans, but also two Dutch students and one each from Germany, Yugoslavia, South Korea, and Canada during my 5 years.

We often traveled together to summer meetings, usually with two Asians, one African, and one or two Americans in my car. One year one of the South Americans went along to California and taught me how to swim during the trip. He got along okay with North Americans like me, but his best friend was North African. Together, we discovered that people are people. I'm trying to publish our bold, new idea.

Housing was also not segregated in the town of Ames, Iowa. The graduate dormitory was a mixture of everyone from everywhere. The only informal segregation I saw was when the foreign students gathered to watch the evening news, and the Americans didn't bother. After a semester in the dormitory, I rented a house for 2 years and an apartment for 3 years and shared the rent with roommates from Greece, Syria, Tunisia, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United States. Some were easier to live with than others, but I couldn't judge that ahead of time based on where they were born.

Some of the foreign students tried to stay and get work in the United States after earning their degrees, and a few were given permission. Most knew even before coming to study that they would have to leave. Ideally, jobs are where you find them. A student from Greece earned his Ph.D. in the office next to mine in Wisconsin, found a nice job in Canada right away, and then a better job in Sweden two years later. In reality, jobs and people often are separated by law. Korean and Chinese friends asked about government jobs such as mine. As a good bureaucrat, I had to tell them, “We don't discriminate, but you can't get a permanent job here. You might get a temporary job if no Americans apply.”

Many of the foreign couples that I knew had babies while visiting the United States and looked forward to some day when these American citizen children might bring them back here to stay.

The subject of citizenship and the right to work came up often whenever my single friends or I would date someone from a different nation. Falling in love and thinking about getting married are exciting. Much less fun are reading the government rule book and hearing your friends say that your date just wants to use you to get past the U.S. immigration service. My roommates from Germany and Tunisia and I each ended cross-national relationships in part because of immigration law.

A Florida taxi driver, originally from Spain, told me not to worry so much about American laws. He came here illegally and soon became legal. Getting into Ecuador, where his wife is from, or Colombia, or even Mexico, had been much more difficult.

Hatred, violence, crime, disease, all sorts of bad things might result when different cultures mix. My neighbors in Laurel, MD, were mixed - about 40% black, 40% white, 20% other - but were very peaceful. Across the street from my apartment was a small mall and my bank. Of the three bank tellers, one was from India. Chinese families ran the video rental and dry-cleaning shops. Three of the five barbers at the barber shop were from Southeast Asia. My lawn was mowed by a Central American immigrant. The woman who cleaned my office was from West Africa. My doctor was from India. For 5 years, I saw only good things there.

The Chinese woman who rented videos was so nice that sometimes I stopped there just to talk. When I asked “Do you have kids?”, she tried hard to answer correctly. She said, “I have one kids. I have one kid. I have one children. I have one child.” That's just the number her government told her to have. By moving to Maryland, she improved her own life and also mine. Her video business provided longer hours, less cost, and more convenient service for me than if she had stayed in China. I need more neighbors like her.

Three years after I left Laurel, I heard news that a Hispanic immigrant there had been kicked to death by five teenagers. If we view noncitizens as having no right to be here, then maybe those teenagers were right to protect their turf. If we view all people as having equal rights, then we need to teach our teenagers and our border guards not to kick people.

The best way to learn that immigrants are people is to meet some of them and talk to them. Language can be a problem. Usually the foreigner does the hard part and learns a second or third language. The native's part is easy: just choose simpler words, go slower, and let the other person know which of their “words” you understand or don't understand. For an American, these skills may be much more useful than learning some other language. Most of my foreign friends had years of training in English before they arrived in the United States. They just needed to get some honest reaction to make sure that what they said made sense. Foreigners sometimes apply foreign rules to English words, and in some cases the resulting sentence sounds smarter than official English.

Then you can both learn something.

WRITERS

Another way to learn about immigrants and their feelings is to read what they have written. A sample of stories and letters by recent immigrants fills out the rest of this chapter. The Rockford (IL) Literacy Council asked its students to write such essays for practice and to show their progress. Then, tutors helped the students improve their English. Katie VanRaden, my mother, selected the writings, which provide a picture of the recent immigrants to her hometown of Rockford (which is near Chicago), IL. The writers are from China, Hong Kong, Laos,

Mexico, South Yemen, Thailand, and Viet Nam.

ESSAY 1 by S. N. from Viet Nam

MY STORY

This is my story in about first time I get to job. I went to looked the job. Me and my sister both going to Personnel AIR FORCE & ARMY EXCHANGE. We are went in to applicant a any job sale clerk, cashier, or backer ect... The boss there are hired me and my sister. We are so happy.

The both we went home, next day we are going to work. I am afraid. Because, I never worked for AMERICA befor. But I went to work about a week after that I'm not be afraid no more. I have a job sale clerk, my sister have job cashier. We're get pay every two weeks.

When get pay we're give money to our mom. I have a big family five sister and five brother. I'm number four of family. Me and my sister was worked together about six years to service ARMY. My sister she meet one office soldier. She get maried and both went to United State. But she wrote letter to me every month, about two years after she went to United State. The American soldier some went back to the United State, still have very few soldier in to VIET-NAMES.

My sister told my and my daughter go to United State. I wrote the letter to my sister and send the paper document me and my daughter. She make paper going to United State. I get document form my sister. I went to Embassy SAIGON into VIET-NAMES. I am go get to Pass-Port. I still worked a few month, I was lay off helper my mom worker a market. End the 1972. We're living home fly to United State.

When me and my daughter both we when to air line my family was cried very much. I miss my family very much both we cried. We are stay to air line over night ate and sleep. When the air line stop to Chicago AIR FORCE. We went out to air line walking in customer check. I looking my sister, I don't see her was to many people. But my daughter saw her. I was surprice my daughter still remember her. When my sister living my daughter was six years old.

My sister went to Chicago pick us up. We were no coat, no jacket was snow out side. We're went to the car was very colder. She take us home, went we are get home a drive way was to much snow. I caried two suite case, I was feld down to snow.

ESSAY 2 by N. A. from South Yemen written in 1991

My Trip to America

In order to go to America I had to travel from S. Yemen to N. Yemen to stay for six months. The government did not want me to leave S. Yemen. I had to work very hard to make them let me go. After a long wait we were allowed to leave on a plane for America.

We got to America on December 27. It was cold and snowy. It was the first time I had seen snow. I wanted to walk to my new home right away not knowing that it was so far away. My husband said "Are you crazy? We have to go by car."

The next day my husband took me to Cherry Vale [mall]. We went to Bergners and I could not believe all the dresses. I could not believe they had so many in my size. I bought two right away.

Next we went to the market. I was surprised to see so much food and everything so clean and no long lines. I like all the grass and big trees.

I am very happy to be in America.

ESSAY 3 by M. P. from Viet Nam written in 1993

Dear all friends,

I would like to tell you what caused my family to leave my country VIETNAM, and how my family came to United States.

My family lived in the city of VUNG TAU which is not too far from the city of SAIGON, the capitol of the Republic of VietNam. At this time, I was in the Republic Goverment Army. From January to April, 1975, most of the cities of South VietNam were occupied by soldiers from the Communist Goverment, who came from North VietNam. The last day of South VietNam, known as the Republic Goverment, was on April 30, 1975. On the same day, troops from the Communist Goverment converged in the streets of Saigon and the VietNam's war broke out between North and South and the War was ended.

My family and some of my friend's families left Vung Tau on a small boat that could hold about fifty people. We wanted to turn back to Saigon to look for my parents and relatives, but we didn't have enough time. While we were on the boat, we could see about fifty or more other small boat. My boat left the seashore of Vung Tau about ten miles, we saw a big navy ship of Taiwan and my boat came closely to the navy ship. The soldiers on the ship rescued us. We lived on the Taiwanese ship for two days and then we went directly to the Subic Base, belonging to the American Navy in the Philippines. We lived there for one day and then we were taken by airplane to the island of Guam. We lived in Guam only one week. After living in Guam for a short time, we were sent to a refugee camp provided by the American Army in Little Rock, Arkansas. We lived in the refugee camp from May to August, 1975 and my family was soon sponsored by Holy Family Church in Rockford.

When my family came to Rockford on August 20, 1975, I was missing one of my children. At that time we left Vung Tau, my eldest daughter was staying with my motherin-law in Saigon. Now she is here in the United States and in the last year at the Northern Illinois University. We started becoming aquainted with our new life. It was so difficult at first because we didn't know how to speak English. Now our life is fine and we appreciate the American custom. All members of my family are American citizens.

We are happy with our new life, but we will never forget our country where we grew up. Someday we hope to return to our country to visit our relatives and our old friends.

God bless you all.

ESSAY 4 by M. D. from Viet Nam

My Three Best Friends

My three best friends are Dung, Phong, and Hai. We met when I was seventeen years old. We have been friends for thirteen years. Now Hai and I are thirty, and Dung and Phong are twenty-eight.

All of us came from Saigon, Vietnam, but now all of us live in the United States. I live in Rockford, Illinois. Hai lives in San Diego, California. Dung lives in Sioux City, Iowa. Phong lives in San Jose, California.

I met Dung in a coffee shop in Saigon. We liked to drive around in my motorcycle. He fixed typewriters. He left Saigon in 1983. He walked from Vietnam through Cambodia to Bangkok, Thailand. He stayed at a refugee camp in Thailand for five years. Then in 1988 he went for six months to the Philippines at another refugee camp where he learned English.

He came to the United States in 1989 and lived in Chicago first and then moved to Sioux City. He works in a meat plant. He got married in Chicago and has one child. Four weeks after I came to the United States in January, 1992, I met Dung in a Vietnamese grocery store in Chicago. We were happy to see each other again. Since he has moved to Sioux City, we phone each other. This summer, he and his family will visit me in Rockford. I will be happy to see him.

Dung introduced me to Phong. Phong lived next door to Dung in Vietnam. He sold cars and motorcycles. He learned a lot of English in Vietnam. He went to school for four years. In February of 1991, he went to the Philippines for six months. He helped translate Vietnamese into English.

He arrived in the United States in April or August of 1991 and went to San Jose, California. His brother got him a job at the casino. He learned how to be a card dealer. He was so good that he is now boss over the other card dealers. He married just this November. He wants me to move to San Jose and work in the casino. I might go to Vietnam with him next year when he returns to visit his parents.

Phong and Dung introduced me to Hai. In Vietnam he made clothes. He studied English for one and one half years. He arrived in the United States three months after me. He now lives with his sister in San Diego, California. He goes to college. He hopes to be a salesman. He works part-time delivering newspapers. Phong and I may visit Hai next year before we go to Vietnam.

I hope to be friends with Dung, Phong, and Hai for the rest of my life. We have had many good times together.

ESSAY 5 by anonymous from Thailand

Why I came to U.S.A

We have 6 members in our family. My parents have four children, their are two boys and two girls, and I’m the second child. Currently, my father is a Thai soldier in Thailand, and my mother is a housewife. When I was in Thailand, I studied at the University of Thailand. Fortunately after several years in school, I graduated with a degree in Physical Education. Most of the time in Thailand I love playing sports. Especially volleyball because I’m good at it. In Thailand, I worked at hotel for 5 years. My job was to contact and helping people. Including foreigners who were in Thailand for vacations. The big reason why I came to United States is to improve my English. So I could help many many people back in Thailand. Beside that, English is very crucial for me. Because today where ever I go, I have to face society by using English to communicate with people.

I decided to come to Rockford because I have cousins and friends here. They gave me an advice about the good quality of Rockford College. They also sent me I-20 form in order to apply for student visa. Back in Thailand before I came to United States. First, I went to the U.S embassy in Bangkok to interview to approve for my visa to come to United States. Fortunately one week later after my interviewed, I was approved to come to United States. And then I flew from Thailand directly to O’hare airport at Chicago. After that I studied at Rockford College for 3 semesters. I took English language course and I also played volleyball for school. Recently, I have information from my friend about Rockford Literacy Council which I would like to sign up for tutoring. Now I’m so appreciate and I also enjoy studying with my tutor.

ESSAY 6 by T. K. from Laos

I was born in Laos Savanaket. I studied at school than I go to high school 4 years more. That all tvelve years for studied.

I finished school 1980. I still with my family 7 / 9 / 1981. I came to Thailand, with freinds and by boat.

I lived in Napho Camp, about five years.

And I got two dauthers. In 1986 I arrived in Philipine camp. I lived there 6 months to studied English.

After that I arrived in Washington state. It first State of America my family stayed in 6 hr or 7 hr. Next second state is Minesota. I lived in Minneapolis airport five mn.

Than I get in next airplane (small). In plane have ten peaple, I flied to Waterloo about fouty-five mn (45').

When airplane stop, my family get out the door and saw two or three peaple, they bring big camera taked my family picture.

My friends and cousins their wait in side. I haved Amarican, Lao friends, and they talk about my family.

The Lutheran Church my sponsor. They are very nice than my family love them very much. After two days I saw my news at the TV and newspaper. I lived Waterloo, IA two years ago.

And I moved to IL Rockford.

Thank you for reading.

ESSAY 7 by J. from China written in 1991

Dear Hu giang:

How are you? I hope you are very well!

Time runs very fast. My husband and I have been in America more then one year.

America is a beautiful country. I like the people here and we are happy here.

The United States has fifty states.

My second brother and little sister live in the California. My oldest sister lives in Illinois. My address is [ ] Belvidere, IL.

One years ago my husband and I began to learn sign language. Some words of sign are the same as Chinese signs. Now we can do a little sign language. I am happy. I have another teacher, her name is Mrs. [ R. E. ]. She lives in Rockford. Twice a week she comes by her car to the Belvidere library to teach me English. She is a very good teacher. I like her very much.

We plan to move to Madison, Wisconsin to be near my daughter.

We hope our daughter in Madison will be able to find a job for us.

Your friend

ESSAY 8 by Y. L. from Hong Kong

American was a very strange place to me when I moved here. Something was different from Hong Kong and I'm not very good in speaking English either. I lived in Chicago for a while but after a year or so I moved to Rockford because I couldn't find a good work there. Some said I don't have a high school diploma in American, other just made up reasons and reasons.

I was little bit luckier when I moved to Rockford. I started to make some friends and with their helps, I had moved twice trying to find a better school for my children in Rockford. Now they go to a good school and my wife with me have a good job too.

In American somes good and somes were bad. Especially in math. I think the math standard level is way too low. It is much lower than many countries. Further, according to a twelve nation survey done by the U.S. Department of Education, Americans were at the back of the class in calculating ability. That is only one reason, “American education is too free wheeling.”

ESSAY 9 by R.A. from Mexico

My Trip to the US

In March, 1990, I came to United States from Mexico. I was 23 years old and did not speak English. This was my first big problem because when I went to the store, the salesman would ask if he could help me. All I could do was point to things I wanted or take someone with me. A year later I got English classes.

When I first came, I felt like a rich man, because in Mexico I didn’t go to Sears and malls as they were more expensive. I thought all the people were rich. I saw the people with cars, good clothes and telephones. I was surprised that it was easier to get work in the United States. In Mexico, I could get a job, but they don’t pay enough money to live. Hot water in the house is very nice. The food is better, because I can get more kinds of food easier. I like to eat in MacDonald’s!

The American people were helpful and friendly. They tried to help me understand how to do things and speak English. One day when we were going to work, we had a tire blowout and we went to a house. The woman let us in to use the phone and then in a few minutes she came out with a rifle and told us to get out of the house or she would shoot us. We left and got in the van and went down the road with the tire flopping. We had to walk to work when the tire fell off.

Now I study English with a tutor and go the classes. I want to understand English and have people understand me. I want to have a good job, home and family some day. In the future, I want to go to school and get a GED and then I will think about the future. I know now that all the people are not rich, but that they have a lot of things and want to be happy.

ESSAY 10 by L. M. from Mexico

My name is [ L. M.] and I been here in U.S. for almost nine years. I still remember when I came. I was so confused because all the houses and streets were the same to me and one thing the I noticed was the Rockford is so peacefull. Why am I saying this? Because I came from Mexico City and I don't like big cities anymore that's why I prefer to stay here with my daugther Laura. I really like it here.

ESSAY 11 by F. L. from Mexico

On July 10, 1981 I came from Mexico to Rockford, IL., to visit my brother on my vacation. I liked Rockford for the life it had to offer.

The jobs are different in that they require more skill. I'm glad I'm learning English as a second language.

The thing I do not like living in the United States is I am far away from home and I miss my family.

My ambition is to study for citizenship. I know that I will be happy here and to became a citizen.

ESSAY 13 by S. C. from Laos

I lived in Lao in 1979. I went to Thailand to the refugee camp. 5 years I stayed with my husband and two daughters there. My husband died in the camp. In 1985 we went to the Philippines. after six months there, we flew to America.

We came to my sister in Rockford, IL. It was cold and very different. My daughters like the school here. I learned to drive here. Sometimes I am scared, there are so many cars. I like to go to school and learn English.

I like to write a letter to my mother-in-law in Lao. I plan to go back and visit someday.

REACTION

Some of the people who read these essays will conclude from the imperfect English and strange experiences that the writers don't deserve to be Americans. Others will read the essays and feel good that these writers have found better lives.

When I read the essays, I sense that the writers were adults, even if their English writing is not yet perfect. If they or other adults want to move to Rockford, we should let them. People are people, and all of us should be free to move.

Chapter 8

FRIENDS OF IMMIGANTS

Now the Lord said to Abram, “Go from your country and your kindred and your father's house to the land that I will show you. And I will make of you a great nation, and I will bless you, and make your name great, so that you will be a blessing. I will bless those that bless you, and him who curses you, I will curse; and by you all the families of the earth shall bless themselves.” Genesis 12:1-3 [Holy Bible]. 2000 BC.

They also took their cattle and their goods, which they had gained in the land of Canaan, and came into Egypt, Jacob and all his offspring with him. Genesis 46:6 [Holy Bible]. 1630 BC.

Then the Lord said, “I have seen the affliction of my people who are in Egypt, and have heard their cry because of their taskmasters; I know their sufferings, and I have come down to deliver them out of the hand of the Egyptians, and to bring them up out of that land to a good and broad land, a land flowing with milk and honey...” Exodus 3:7-8 [Holy Bible]. 1200 BC.

The time that the people of Israel dwelt in Egypt was four hundred and thirty years. And at the end of four hundred and thirty years, on that very day, all the hosts of the Lord went out from the land of Egypt. Exodus 12:40-41 [Holy Bible]. 1200 BC.

Moses my servant is dead; now therefore arise, go over this Jordan, you and all this people, into the land which I am giving to them, to the people of Israel. Every place that the sole of your foot will tread upon I have given to you, as I promised to Moses. Joshua 1:2-3 [Holy Bible]. 1160 BC.

Now when they had departed, behold, an angel of the Lord appeared to Joseph in a dream and said, “Rise, take the child and his mother, and flee to Egypt, and remain there till I tell you; for Herod is about to search for the child, to destroy him.” ... But when Herod died, behold, an angel of the Lord appeared in a dream to Joseph in Egypt, saying, “Rise, take the child and his mother, and go to the land of Israel, for those who sought the child’s life are dead.” And he rose and took the child and his mother, and went to the land of Israel. Matthew 2:13-14,19-21 [Holy Bible]. 3 AD.

Ask, and it will be given you; seek, and you will find; knock and it will be opened to you. For everyone who asks receives, and he who seeks finds, and to him who knocks it will be opened. Matthew 7:7-8 [Holy Bible]. 30 AD.

It shall be lawful in future for anyone… to leave our kingdom and return, safe and secure by land and water, except for a short period in time of war, on grounds of public policy – reserving always the allegiance due to us. King John, Magna Carta, 1215.

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these include life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, that to secure these rights governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed... Thomas Jefferson et al. Declaration of Independence. July 4, 1776.

... the natural right which all men have of relinquishing the country in which birth or other accident may have thrown them, and seeking subsistence and happiness wheresoever they may be, and hope to find them. Thomas Jefferson. 1776.

China is the richest country in the world, without any other. ... When we are assured that China is the most fertile country in the world; that almost all of the land is in tillage; and that a great part of it bears two crops per year; and further, that the people live very frugally, we may infer with certainty, that the population must be immense. ... And not to dwell on remote instances, the European settlements in the new world bear ample testimony to the truth of a remark which, indeed, has never, that I know of, been doubted. A plenty of rich land, to be had for little or nothing, is so powerful a cause of population, as to overcome all other obstacles. ...the happiness of the Americans, depended much less upon their peculiar degree of civilization, than upon the peculiarity of their situation, as new colonies, upon their having a great plenty of fertile uncultivated land. Thomas Robert Malthus. An Essay on Population. June 7, 1798.

I cannot omit recommending a revisal of the laws on the subject of naturalization. Considering the ordinary chances of human life, a denial of citizenship under a residence of fourteen years is a denial to a great proportion of those who ask it... And shall we refuse the unhappy fugitives from distress that hospitality which the savages of the wilderness extended to our fathers arriving in this land? Shall oppressed humanity find no asylum on this globe? Thomas Jefferson. State of the Union. December 8, 1801.

The aboriginal inhabitants of these countries [American natives] I have regarded with the commiseration their history inspires. Endowed with the faculties and the rights of men, breathing an ardent love of liberty and independence, and occupying a country which left them no desire but to be undisturbed, the stream of overflowing population from other regions directed itself on these shores; without power to divert, or habits to contend against, they have been overwhelmed by the current, or driven before it; now reduced within limits too narrow for the hunter's state, humanity enjoins us to teach them agriculture and... to encourage them to that industry which alone can enable them to maintain their place in existence. ...they are combated by the habits of their bodies, prejudice of their minds, ignorance, pride, and the influence of interested and crafty individuals among them, who feel themselves something in the present order of things, and nothing in any other. ...in short, my friends, among them is seen the action and counteraction of good sense and bigotry. Thomas Jefferson. Second Inaugural Address. March 4, 1805.

The system of passports has become much more rigid and vexatious during the last half-century. The only civilized countries in which passports are not required are the British Isles and the United States. Penny Cyclopedia. 1840.

The earth does not belong to us - we belong to the earth. Chief Seattle, 1854.

I am not a Know-Nothing [antiimmigrant, anti-Catholic party member]... As a nation we began by declaring that “all men are created equal.” We now practically read it “all men are created equal, except negroes.” When the Know-Nothings get control, it will read “all men are created equal, except negroes, and foreigners, and catholics.” When it comes to this I should prefer emigrating to some country where they make no pretence of loving liberty - to Russia, for instance, where despotism can be taken pure, and without the base alloy of hypocracy. Abraham Lincoln. Letter to Joshua Speed. August 24, 1855.

In regard to the Germans and foreigners, I esteem them to be no better than any other people, nor any worse... Inasmuch as our country is extensive and new, and the countries of Europe are densely populated, if there are any abroad who desire to make this the land of their adoption, it is not in my heart to throw aught [anything] in their way, to prevent them from coming to the United States. Abraham Lincoln. Speech to Germans in Ohio. February 12, 1861.

What is a “sovereignty,” in the political sense of the term? Would it be far wrong to define it “A political community, without a political superior?”... Whatever concerns the whole, should be confided to the whole - to the general government; while, whatever concerns only the State, should be left exclusively, to the State. ...it is a struggle for maintaining in the world, that form, and substance of government, whose leading object is, to elevate the condition of men - to lift artificial weights from all shoulders - to clear the paths of laudable pursuit for all - to afford all, an unfettered start, and a fair chance in the race of life. Abraham Lincoln. Special Session of Congress. July 4, 1861.

The earth is the mother of all people, and all people should have equal rights upon the earth. Chief Joseph, Nez Perce Indian reservation, Idaho, 1877.

We have no right to keep these struggling millions out from our fertile fields and broad prairies. Richmond Mayo-Smith. Emigration and Immigration. 1890.

I am eager to express to [Garry] Davis my recognition of the sacrifice he has made for the well-being of humanity. In voluntarily giving up his citizenship rights he has made himself a ‘displaced person’ in order to fight for the natural rights of those who are the mute evidences of the low moral levels of our time. Telegram from Albert Einstein, 1948.

Article 13. (1) Everyone has the right to freedom of movement within the borders of each state. (2) Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country.

Article 14. (1) Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution. (2) This right may not be invoked in the case of prosecutions genuinely arising from non-political crimes or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations.

Article 15. (1) Everyone has a right to a nationality. (2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality. United Nations General Assembly. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. December 10, 1948.

We do not need to be protected against immigrants from these countries ! on the contrary we want to stretch out a helping hand... In no other realm of our national life are we so hampered and stultified by the dead hand of the past as we are in this field of immigration. Harry S. Truman. Veto of National Origins Quotas. June 25, 1952.

It is certain that Asian governments deeply resent the immigration policies of Western nations... The resentment, however, stems more from insult and outrage than from any real desire to send out hordes of migrants... The United States took the lead in the restriction of immigration with the 1917 literacy test and the Quota Act of 1924... Cultural snobbery, economic fears, and general timidity have prevented underpopulated nations from throwing open wide their gates to all who would come... Overcrowding, never pleasant, becomes the more difficult to bear if there are large, empty spaces nearby labelled “no admittance.” K. & A.F.K. Organski. Population and World Power. 1961.

Extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice. Moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue. Barry Goldwater. Republican National Convention. 1964.

Not too long ago two friends of mine were talking to a Cuban refugee. He was a businessman who had escaped from Castro. In the midst of his tale of horrible experiences, one of my friends turned to the other and said, “We don't know how lucky we are.” The Cuban stopped and said, “How lucky you are? I had some place to escape to.” And in that sentence he told the entire story. If freedom is lost here there is no place to escape to. Ronald Reagan. National television address. October 27, 1964.

Our age has been called the space age, but I would like to call it the age of the people. Revolutionaries, liberators, and political leaders have always talked of the people, but for the first time now, “we the people” does not mean a few representing the many, but the masses themselves, each of whom is poignantly conscious of his individuality, each one of whom is seeking to assert his rights and to voice his demands. Indira Gandhi. United Nations General Assembly. October 14, 1968.

We are gathered here under the aegis of the United Nations. We are supposed to belong to the same family sharing common traits and impelled by the same basic desires, yet we inhabit a divided world. How can it be otherwise? There is still no recognition of the equality of man or respect for him as an individual. In matters of colour and race, religion and custom, society is governed by prejudice. Indira Gandhi. United Nations Conference, Stockholm. June 14, 1972.

Thus, we may face a great coalition of the lands of would-be emigrants standing in opposition to the lands that erect barricades to shut out would-be immigrants. ... Without the reestablishment of freedom of immigration throughout the world, there can be no lasting peace. Ludwig von Mises. The Clash of Group Interests. 1978.

If you want me to release ten million Chinese to come to the United States, I’ll be glad to do that. Deng Xiaoping. Private statement to Jimmy Carter. Washington, DC. 1979.

Can we doubt that only a Divine Providence placed this land, this island of freedom, here as a refuge for all those people in the world who yearn to breathe free? Jews and Christians enduring persecution behind the Iron Curtain, the boat people of Southeast Asia, Cuba, and of Haiti, the victims of drought and famine in Africa, the freedom fighters in Afghanistan,... Ronald Reagan. Republican National Convention. July 17, 1980.

But there remain armed guards and checkpoints all the same ! still a restriction on the right to travel, still an instrument to impose upon ordinary men and women the will of a totalitarian state. ...Tear down this wall. Ronald Reagan. Berlin, Germany. June 12, 1987.

I got a letter from a man the other day, and I’ll share it with you. This man said you can go to live in Turkey, but you can’t become a Turk. You can go to live in Japan, but you cannot become Japanese - or Germany or France - and named all the others. But he said anyone from any corner of the world can come to America and become an American. Ronald Reagan, January 20, 1988.

Why ... not insist that all positions (jobs) in every society be open to any qualified person, regardless of international borders or the nationality of the applicant? Frederick G. Whelan. Open Borders? Closed Societies? 1988.

Since becoming president, they took away my ordinary passport but didn’t give me anything in return. So this [World Passport] is my first passport as president. It is a most precious document. Vaclav Havel, President of Czechoslovakia. 1989.

Entering the United States is always connected with paperwork. Lufthansa Airlines. Standard in-flight announcement. May 17, 1991.

In the years since becoming a “stateless” person, I’ve consistently - and dramatically asserted the human right to travel freely as a citizen of the world. At countless borders, I have presented my own documents and explained my status as a World Citizen. I’ve challenged the authority of national governments, sometimes with remarkable results. Of course, I have seen the inside of many jails along the way, simply because I don’t have a passport issued by a national government. On the other hand, many countries have admitted me not merely as a visitor but as an honored guest. Many other World Citizens have had similar experiences. Garry Davis. Passport to Freedom. 1992.

We welcome all refugees to our country and condemn the efforts of U.S. officials to create a new “Berlin Wall” which would keep them captive. Libertarian Party (USA). Party Platform. 1992.

The day will come when there will be no borders. Carlos Santana. Concert in Mexico City. May 22, 1993.

The world will become one in 100 years. Young-Chul Jung. Des Moines, Iowa. August 8, 1993.

We can't build a wall around America. Bob Dole. Regarding North American Free Trade. August 22, 1993.

Should it be legal for people to travel or move into and out of the U.S. without limitation? ... Yes. All individuals have the same rights, regardless of where they were born or where they live now. Anyone willing to take responsibility for himself or herself has the right to travel and seek opportunity, including across international borders. America has always benefitted from immigrants who arrive with nothing, work hard, start businesses, become educated and improve America's economy. David Bergland. Libertarianism in One Lesson. 1993.

As we become citizens of the world, it seems to me wrong that we should put up new borders, and reduce ourselves to a smaller geographic entity. Daniel Johnson. Swearing in as Quebec Premier. January 11, 1994.

In many countries it is difficult for foreigners to obtain a work permit. It is often even more difficult for Americans to do so because of reciprocity rules in many countries. The U.S. is one of the most difficult places in the world to obtain a work permit, so foreign countries retaliate against American executives. Adam Starchild. How to Legally Obtain a Second Citizenship. 1995.

The problem in the past was that there was no place to deport them to. Gypsies were often refused re-entry to their own countries... One of the reasons Gypsies wind up with no place to go is that they destroy their passports or identity cards... They declare themselves homeless, and hope that the German authorities ... won’t be able to return them to a place that doesn’t exist. Or they hope, at least, that before they are sorted out and put back on that eastbound bus they will have some months in the “West.” Isabel Fonseca. Bury Me Standing: The Gypsies and Their Journey. 1996.

Issues before the United Nations ... are issues that carry no passports. ... Yet the public is still thinking in local terms; it is still constrained by boundaries. Secretary General Kofi Annan. 1997.

Certainly the twenty-first century will be the era of the international worker. ... Americans have the idea that they can get off the plane with a tourist visa in Frankfurt, Tokyo, or London and find work in the classified ads as easily as they would in Chicago or New York. Arthur H. Bell. Great Jobs Abroad. 1997.

Chapter 9

BUREACRATS AND IMMIGRANTS

National governments can have great power over the people they call citizens and even greater power over the people they call noncitizens. While national governments divide people into these two groups, other governments treat everyone as equals. The mayor of a city or the governor of a state must treat lifetime residents and newcomers as having equal rights. Local governments may not block people from entering their cities or working in their states.

Many national governments now believe that no other person may enter their part of earth without permission. These laws and attitudes of sovereign governments deserve to be changed by the people they control on both sides of the border. One example of recent progress is the right to migrate within Europe. Sovereign nations must be reminded that they too are local governments on a planet where the people like to move.

The U.S. government encouraged me to write this book. All federal employees were encouraged to promote the idea of Equal Opportunity. But the process was much more formal than that. At the end of each year, supervisors rated employees on how well they promoted Equal Opportunity. A good rating could result in higher pay, and bad ratings could result in less pay or even being fired.

GOALS

Bureaucrats such as myself selected specific goals to work toward at the beginning of each year. These were typed into a formal document and signed by the bureaucrat, the supervisor, and the supervisor's supervisor. I selected the following goals and the government officially okayed them in January of 1994.

1) Write poetry expressing the need for Equal Employment Opportunity for all people.

2) Explain to anyone listening that governments should not control where individuals may live or work. Treat potential Americans with as much dignity and respect as current Americans (even if that is against the law.)

3) Promote an international view of Equal Employment Opportunity and work to convince decision makers that nationalist EEO policies are unjustly narrow and discriminatory.

For several years, my official goals as a bureaucrat included writing the material in this book. Often I called it my Equal Opportunity book. The actual writing and research for this book was always done outside of government business hours on my own time. That way I could copyright the book and sell it. Books from the federal government are given away and not copyrighted. As each chapter was completed, I listed it in my performance documentation. Finally in 1995 my supervisor told me that The Right To Migrate was not related to Civil Rights or Equal Opportunity.

Bureaucrats work on Equal Opportunity, but not all day long. Other job duties in my own performance standards were 1) plan and conduct research, 2) report research, 3) technology transfer, 4) communication, and 5) safety and employee health. My end-of-year ratings for the first three of these usually were high, but often I was told to do more about Equal Opportunity and communication. I'm still working on these.

STANDARDS

All bureaucrats don't have to write poetry, respect noncitizens, or fight nationalism while on the job, but each bureaucrat has to follow some common standards. The performance standards for Equal Opportunity / Civil Rights that applied to most employees of the Agriculture Research Service follow. Supervisors of three or more employees had stricter standards than these. The wording in these standards changed a little from year to year. For 1994, here's how bureaucrats at my level were supposed to act.

1) Performs all duties in a manner which consistently demonstrates fairness, cooperation, and respect toward coworkers, office visitors, and all others in the performance of official business. Demonstrates an awareness of Equal Opportunity / Civil Rights policies and responsibilities.

2) Through personal action, demonstrates support of Equal Employment Opportunity principles in all decisions affecting subordinate employees which may include activities in one or more of the following functional areas: recruitment, interviewing, selection, training, performance evaluation, promotion, travel, awards, adverse action, and work assignments.

3) Advises subordinates and establishes through personal example that when addressing employees, delivering speeches, making public appearances, or representing the Agency in any capacity, inappropriate comments regarding race, age, color, sex, religion, national origin, individuals with disabilities, or marital status will not be tolerated.

4) Is conversant on the Agency's Affirmative Employment Plan and actively participates in the accomplishment of goals and objectives.

5) Distributes to all employees with supportive comments Agency and Departmental Equal Employment Opportunity issuances.

6) Maintains an atmosphere of equal treatment in the work unit by discouraging discrimination of all forms. This includes assuring the prompt and fair resolution of all formal and informal complaints of discrimination.

These government standards may sound good and may help bureaucrats to be more open-minded, but they made me sick. A private company or a university or a state government may hire the best person for the job, whether a citizen or noncitizen (Equal Opportunity). The federal government may not hire citizens of other countries for permanent jobs here (No Opportunity). The Justice Department tries hard to keep most noncitizens outside of U.S. borders so that they can’t become U.S. citizens (Limited Opportunity).

As a bureaucrat I followed these government standards and treated everyone fairly. But I discriminated against foreigners as required by U.S. law. Sometimes I met noncitizens at work, or at meetings, or at school. I even became friends with some. If they wanted a job at USDA, the answer I gave them was “The federal government does not discriminate, but you can't work here.” Uncle Sam hires only his nieces and nephews to fill the bureaucracy. In Washington, DC, that's what the politicians mean when they say Equal Opportunity.

SECRETARIES

A big bureaucracy such as USDA is not easy to change, especially if you're on the bottom of it, which I was. The Secretary of Agriculture was my boss's boss's boss's boss's boss's boss. Nearly all decisions and instructions from the President or the Secretary or the Congress were passed from the top level to the bottom level thru the chain of command. One topic was too important to be passed from boss to boss thru the chain. That topic was Equal Opportunity.

Soon after a new Secretary of Agriculture was appointed, every employee would receive a policy statement on Equal Opportunity straight from the top. The Secretaries told us to promote Equal Opportunity, and I did so. Some examples of their instructions follow.

“Avoidance of discrimination must be our constant, daily practice. It must be so deeply ingrained in our policies and practices that it becomes automatic. We must be so completely dedicated to an antidiscrimination policy that when the slightest hint of discrimination shows up it is quickly spotted and eliminated as a glaring inconsistency. I will not tolerate discrimination in any form...” Secretary of Agriculture Richard Lyng June 12, 1986

“For me, equal opportunity, work force diversity, and basic human rights are a given. They should not be subject to debate...” Secretary of Agriculture Clayton Yeutter May 3, 1990

“We will continue to support the goal of ensuring equal opportunity for all in employment and program delivery.” Secretary of Agriculture Mike Espy October 13, 1994

“World trade is booming and agriculture is America’s No. One exporter - having hit $60 billion last year. But while markets are open, they’re still not open enough. And we have to keep fighting the phony barriers some countries hide behind.” Secretary of Agriculture Dan Glickman January 31, 1997

“By our words and our actions, each of us must demonstrate a commitment to equal opportunity for all individuals.” Secretary of Agriculture Dan Glickman June 7, 1995

These Secretaries seemed to believe in the right to migrate. Certainly, they never told us to be unfair to immigrants and noncitizens. Ed Madigan, Secretary from 1991 to 1992, went further than the rest and commented directly on the right to migrate. Robert Franco, an Associate Director in the Office of the Secretary, sent this reply to me after I sent the chapter “The Right To Migrate” from this book to the Secretary:

“Dear Mr. VanRaden,

Thank you for your recent letter to Secretary Madigan concerning the right to migrate freely throughout the world. Mr Madigan has asked that I convey his appreciation for your comments and assure you that they will be thoughtfully considered in addressing this problem through our representation in international organizations and agencies. I know you will be interested to learn that the United States supports the international recognition of the right of free immigration. This is one of several issues that is being negotiated as part of the general trade talks with our European and South American neighbors.” Associate Director Robert Franco Office of the Secretary March 18, 1992

After receiving this letter, I began to watch the trade talks more closely. Free migration could come quickly if the other nations stop dragging their feet. We in the United States already officially support the right to migrate. At least that's what I was told.

JOBS

The Secretaries’ instructions all seemed clear and helpful, but I wished that more people in the bureaucracy would follow them. The personnel division of USDA decides which people are qualified for which jobs and what their pay will be if hired. They also announce job openings. In 1992, the personnel division wrote an announcement for a job that I supervised. All of the nice phrases were in place, but the words didn’t make sense. In the following letter, dated January 7, 1992, I asked Ms. Jane Giles, Director of Personnel, to explain why discrimination on citizenship is not called discrimination.

Dear Ms. Giles:

You are probably familiar with Secretary Lyng’s memorandum of June 12, 1986, which states, “We must be so completely dedicated to an anti-discrimination policy that when the slightest hint of discrimination shows up it is quickly spotted and eliminated as a glaring inconsistency.” Recently, I spotted a glaring inconsistency in vacancy announcements distributed by the Personnel Division in Greenbelt, Maryland. On page 2 of ARS-D-2- B0016, the announcement said, “Qualified applicants will be considered for appointment without regard to race, color, religion, sex, marital status, physical handicap, age, national origin, or any other nonmerit factor.” About three paragraphs later on the same page, the announcement said, “U.S. citizenship is required.”

Citizenship is a nonmerit factor. If we reject all noncitizens because of Executive Order 11935, 5 CFR Part 7.4, and 31 U.S.C. 699(b), how can we claim to hire only on merit? Such wording in vacancy announcements discourages applications from qualified noncitizens (for example, Chinese students eligible by Public Law 102-141) and defeats the intent of Equal Employment Opportunity.

Hopefully, you can help me reduce inconsistent wording in our vacancy announcements in the short run and eliminate our discrimination against noncitizens in the long run. The response came a few weeks later, on January 29, 1992. The statements about Equal Opportunity on government job announcements are required by law. Therefore, the words make sense even if they say opposite things. Ms. Giles did not see even the slightest hint of discrimination. That's what she told me.

TO: Paul M. VanRaden

This is in response to your letter of January 7, 1992, expressing your concerns about the requirements for citizenship for Federal employment.

It is unlikely that Secretary Lyng’s 1986 anti-discrimination policy was meant to cover citizenship issues, since these are mandated by law, Executive Order, and/or appropriations acts, and are applicable Government-wide. Thus, the statement “U.S. citizenship required” which you see on vacancy announcement is in keeping with these mandates. The references in your letter (except for Public Law 102-141, which will be addressed in my next paragraph) pertain only to Competitive Service positions which must be filled by U.S. citizens, as mandated by one or more of the issuances mentioned above, unless excepted as stated in one of the references in your correspondence, 5 CFR Part 7.4(c).

As you probably know, Public Law 102- 141, your last reference, is the "Treasury, Postal Service and General Government Appropriations Act, 1992." The incorporation in the Act, of the reference to EO 12711 concerning Nationalists of the People's Republic of China (PRC), does not make the Nationalists eligible for positions in the Competitive Service. As a result of the Law, however, certain Chinese Nationalists may occupy positions in the Excepted Service until expiration of EO 12711 on January 1, 1994. Several ARS selecting officials are currently considering such Nationalists for Research Associate positions. When we announce Excepted Service positions, we never include the statement, "U.S. citizenship required." To do so would be in violation of the anti-discrimination provisions of the immigration laws.

I hope I have successfully explained that ARS is in compliance with the current laws, Executive Orders, and appropriations acts as they relate to employment in the Federal Government.

Job announcements might be shorter and clearer if we list only the groups that we do discriminate against, instead of all the nonmerit factors that we try so hard to disregard. If a person's race, color, religion, or national origin should not influence hiring decisions, neither should their citizenship. As the Secretaries all said, discrimination of any form is wrong.

TRAINING

Bureaucrats were trained not to discriminate, but by law they had to discriminate. Civil rights experts taught that people of any race, color, sex, age, national origin, religion, marital status, sexual orientation, or disability could be hired. The experts often said nothing about the foreigners, immigrants, and other noncitizens that could not be hired. The experts taught that more women, blacks, and Hispanics should be hired to make up for past discrimination. Bureaucrats learned to ignore the rights of everyone else. That’s why I didn’t like civil rights training, as shown in the next two letters.

September 21, 1998

Subject: Civil Rights Training

From: Darrell Cole

To: Dr. VanRaden

I understand that you have not attended one on the sessions regarding the Mandatory Civil Rights Training required by the USDA. We have a session scheduled at 9:00 am to 12:00 noon, Wed. Sept. 23, in room 020, Buildling 003, BARC-W that you are required to attend. If you do not attend this session, you will be subject to disciplinary action.

September 22, 1998

Dr. Cole,

Thank you for informing me of this training. I haven’t attended so far because I wonder why noncitizens have no right to apply for permanent government jobs. The government tries to teach me that only citizens have civil rights. Does the course scheduled for 9:00 am to 12:00 noon, Wed. Sept. 23, in room 020, Buildling 003, BARC-W teach that all people, including noncitizens, deserve civil rights and equal opportunity? If so, please tell me, and I will be the first one in the door. Everyone should have civil rights.

Paul

The mandatory training seemed useless but also harmless, so I attended in order to keep my job, along with three other employees facing disciplinary action. My bosses didn’t care what I learned, they only demanded that I sit in the training. The class taught us that USDA treats everyone equally and then it showed us people that USDA can’t hire.

Page 3 of the training booklet demanded that we “demonstrate a commitment to equal opportunity for all individuals.” Then we watched a civil rights video made by Canadians at the Royal Bank in Canada. U.S. law excluded Canadians from the term “all individuals,” but the course included them. When the instructor asked for my reaction, I gave about a two-minute speech protesting the fact that Canadians have no rights at USDA. Instead of being the first one in the door, I was the first one out. My boss’s boss was not amused:

October 29, 1998

SUBJECT: Letter of Caution

TO: P. Van Raden

FROM: T.J. Sexton

This memorandum is a notice of caution regarding your disruptive behavior during the Introduction to Civil Rights training held Wednesday, September 23, 1998. At our meeting on October 8, 1998, you did not dispute the account.

According to the instructor of this training, during the discussion period you loudly explained that you could not understand how the group could discuss diversity and sensitivity when ARS discriminates against non-citizens. You continued to say that you repeatedly discard applications from possible employees simply because they are not citizens of the U.S. When the instructor indicated she did not think your comments pertained to the issue of the training course, you strongly disagreed and said that you could not sit there and watch the video when ARS continues to discriminate against non-citizens. You then gathered your belongings, scratched your name off the sign-in sheet, added the statement “Noncitizens should have civil rights” to the sign-in sheet, and left the room.

Your disruptive behavior involving this incident reflects a serious inability on your part to comply with the rules and regulations to guide employees in their conduct. This memorandum is to clearly notify you that this conduct is not acceptable and will not be tolerated in the future. This notice of caution is being sent for remedial and not punitive reasons. Your failure to heed the message that this notice of caution is meant to convey may subject you to formal disciplinary action in the future.

The next day, October 30, 1998, I received a rating of unsuccessful for my performance in fiscal year 1997-98. I had to retake the mandatory civil rights class within one month or else be demoted or fired. My bosses didn’t accuse me of discriminating against or denying civil rights to anyone. I was punished for questioning during civil rights class the law that requires us to discriminate against others.

My boss’s boss, after cautioning and punishing me, then suggested that I give a formal statement of ideas on how to improve civil rights. I tried to send this memo thru the chain of command up to the Secretary of Agriculture, but my boss’s boss’s boss refused to let me send it.

November 12, 1998

SUBJECT: Greater Employment Opportunity

TO: Dan Glickman

FROM: Paul VanRaden

Thousands of USDA employees recently completed Module I of the Civil Rights training. I did not complete the training because I am very firmly committed to equal employment opportunity for ALL individuals. I take the phrase “all individuals” in the USDA Civil Rights Policy Statement seriously, broadly, and literally. The training video for Module I showed Canadian individuals. These individuals have no right to work for USDA, and so I walked out of the training to protest the obvious fact that “all individuals” aren’t given equal opportunity. If USDA chooses Canadians to train us, why shouldn’t Canadians work for us?

Recently, employees of USDA were challenged to make USDA the Civil Rights leader. I proposed during the Civil Rights training that USDA hire noncitizens for permanent jobs in USDA. The Civil Rights Policy Statement demands Equal Employment Opportunity for all individuals, but the law excludes noncitizens from the term “all individuals.” Employers would have more choices and individuals would have more job opportunities if noncitizens were included in Equal Employment Opportunity. Employers and citizens could both have greater employment opportunity. I would like to disregard national origin when hiring and be fair to all individuals: citizens and noncitizens.

American businesses and universities can and do hire the talented noncitizens that USDA refuses to hire. Foreign businesses, universities, and governments also compete to hire some of the American citizens that might work here. In the race to create opportunity in agriculture, the private sector is the leader and USDA is getting farther behind. Because the government tends to promote from within, most hiring is at the entry level. Noncitizens have had to enter the workforce outside the government. By the time they become citizens, entry level jobs no longer attract them because many of them already have good jobs and seniority in the private sector.

The Olympic phrase “Go for the gold,” which you have borrowed, will apply to Civil Rights only when our playing field contains citizens of other nations. The work of USDA and of the Agriculture Research Service is rapidly becoming international. I interact with citizens of many other nations on a regular basis, and I gain much by working with them. Foreign citizens might do my work as well as I can and vice versa. The private sector is becoming global and more diverse, but government employers reject all foreign citizens and limit diversity. This hiring ban is a form of discrimination that we can’t afford. Noncitizens should be welcome at USDA.

While the U.S. government rejects noncitizens, some employees actually embrace them. Two of my nineteen American coworkers recently married Canadian citizens, another married a Swedish citizen, and another’s daughter-in-law is a Japanese citizen. When I was hired, my significant other was a German citizen and thus not welcome to work for USDA, so we ended the relationship. My previous job was taken by a Polish citizen, and I interviewed for a university position but it was taken by a German citizen. One coworker recently adopted a 5-year-old Latvian citizen, and one went to work at Agriculture Canada in Ottawa after his USDA position expired in 1994. Other governments don’t always discriminate against Americans.

The USDA Policy Statement on Civil Rights requires that “every employee must be treated fairly and equitably, with diginity and respect. There are no exceptions.” The temporary employees of USDA are an exception. For example, I hired a noncitizen as a postdoctoral research associate in 1996. When this temporary position was converted to an almost identical permanent scientist position in 1997, the temporary employee was forced by law to leave so that an American citizen could take over his research project. By 1997, he had lived in the United States as a student, then a temporary resident, then a permanent resident for a total of 14 years and had paid income taxes for the past 10 years. He was rated more qualified than the American scientist that replaced him by all five USDA scientists on the hiring panel. The government did not treat him fairly or equitably, but fortunately he quickly found Equal Employment Opportunity, Civil Rights, and a higher paying job at a university.

USDA would be stronger if we did as you have stated: “By our words and actions, each of us should demonstrate a commitment to equal opportunity for all individuals.” We need equal opportunity, but we also need the greater opportunity that the private sector already enjoys. We can be the Civil Rights leader if the laws that limit employment are changed.

November 18, 1998

SUBJECT: Your Memo to Secretary Glickman on Greater Employment Opportunity

TO: Paul VanRaden

FROM: Phyllis E. Johnson

I am returning the subject memo to you; I will not forward it to Dr. Horn.

As you point out, non-citizens in the United States have different rights than citizens. The fact that they are not free to compete for Federal jobs is because of statutory requirements set down by the U.S. Congress. It has nothing to do with the USDA Civil Rights program, and Secretary Glickman has no ability to change this. The laws which apply to businesses in the private sector and to university, that allow them to hire noncitizens, are different. If you are dissatisfied with this situation, I suggest that you communicate with your Congressional delegation.

Yes, I was dissatisfied. Why shouldn’t a bureaucrat be able to suggest a change to the law as part of official duties? Just a week before the above letter arrived, Secretary of Agriculture Glickman bragged that he could change civil rights law. The following letter was sent to all USDA employees including Phyllis and me.

November 10, 1998

Dear USDA employee:

... We began civil rights training for all USDA employees. And, we made legal history by getting Congress to waive the statute of limitations so we could settle older civil rights cases. ...

Sincerely, Dan Glickman

The U.S. Congress had the power to change the law and give equal opportunity to all individuals, as Secretary Glickman had already demanded of me, but Congress was busy impeaching the President. The President also could ask for a change in the law, but he didn’t really want equal opportunity. Politicians don’t care about noncitizens because noncitizens don’t vote. Noncitizens don’t vote because politicians don’t let them. Instead of waiting for local politicians to act, I wrote to the bureaucrat in charge of promoting equal opportunity for all individuals.

CLINTON

January 20, 1999

Dear Secretary-General Kofi Annan,

The trial of U.S. President Clinton by the Senate and Chief Justice shows that everyone must obey the law. “The foundation of the United Nations is the law”, as you said July 4 1997 in Geneva. Both national and international laws must be obeyed by all of the world’s residents. If crimes against national laws are carefully examined, crimes against international law deserve the same careful attention. The United Nations and World Court should examine crimes committed on international waters. The law and the evidence are clear: President Clinton should be tried for piracy.

Tens of thousands of travelers on the open ocean were deported from the open ocean back to Haiti, Cuba, and other places by U.S. forces since 1993. On June 22 1993, the U.N. Commissioner on Refugees strongly condemned Clinton’s actions. On May 8 1994, the United States formally declared sovereignty over the high seas. Now, U.S. immigration officials on Navy and Coast Guard ships apply U.S. law to everyone that they catch on the high seas. The 1948 U.N. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 13, Part 2, gives everyone in Haiti, Cuba, etc. the right to emigrate, but U.S. policies make emigration nearly impossible.

President Clinton led the U.S. effort to nationalize international waters. In major speeches such as his 1995 State of the Union address, Clinton asked for new laws to control immigration and bragged of deporting large numbers of illegal aliens. On the high seas, no one is an alien. Those who travel the seas aren’t illegal. However, the use of force by Clinton’s sailors and immigration officials to intercept and deport people from the high seas is illegal. When Fidel Castro obeyed international law and let thousands of Cubans leave, Bill Clinton on August 19 1994 described Castro’s new policy as “coldblooded.” On September 9 1994, Clinton and Castro agreed to end the Cubans’ right to emigrate.

The U.N. Convention on the Law of the Seas, Part VII, Article 89, demands that “No state may subject any part of the high seas to its sovereignty.” President Clinton rejects this law and claims sovereignty over the sea. National leaders are expected to enforce national policies within the borders of their nations and within their national waters. They may also use force beyond national borders in support of international treaties or U.N. resolutions, but the use of force against friendly ships on the high seas is a high crime.

No person or nation should be above the law. To gain respect for international law, you should do what the Americans have done. You should put Bill Clinton on trial.

Sincerely, Paul VanRaden

All of us should obey the law. Everyone. I began to hope that some day American presidents and Communist dictators would all have to respect international law and respect human rights. So I wrote to the Cuban head of state asking him to get started:

[letter never sent]

Dear Fidel Castro

Please help me to obtain human rights in the United States. My people do not have religious freedom. The U.S. government forces us to carry coins and paper money that say “In God We Trust” even if we firmly believe that there is no God. But that is a small problem compared to the abuses of human rights of the Cuban people and others like you. The only right guaranteed to Cubans is the right to remain forever on the island of Cuba. Most Cubans are not allowed to leave the island unless they can play baseball extremely well.

Enclosed is a copy of my unpublished book The Right To Migrate. I’m trying to find foreign publishers because almost no one in the United States wants this book. Please translate The Right To Migrate into Spanish and give or sell a copy to each person in Cuba. You can even provide English copies to the people living on Guantanamo Bay. I’m sorry that you can’t pay me for this book because it is against U.S. law for a U.S. citizen to sell a human rights book to Cubans. If you agree to work for instead of against human rights, we might end the trade embargo and then I could sell your Spanish translation into other Spanish-speaking countries and we could make some money. Think about it.

After you retire, maybe you could visit the United States again and help U.S. citizens obtain the right to trust or not to trust in God. We have free speech here, which means that people can’t be put in jail just for saying things that other people don’t want to hear. Life could be a lot easier and sweeter than it is now. But only if we can change the laws of Cuba and the United States to let the Cuban people and the Cuban sugar flow freely to anywhere in the world. Please help me.

Sincerely, Paul VanRaden

ALIENS

Twice during my career in USDA, I used taxpayer dollars to hire an illegal alien, Eric. First, Eric was illegal, then legal, then illegal, then legal again. Then, he went back to The Netherlands where the law says he belongs. He was paid by the University of Maryland as a part-time student and part-time researcher although he didn’t work there or study there. He worked directly for the government (me) in a government office building. Funds from the government were sent to him thru the university because obtaining a student visa was much easier than obtaining a job directly with the government. That was the legal part.

Eric’s visa papers were delayed and didn't reach him before the day he was scheduled to leave Holland for Washington. He arrived at my office on schedule the next day as a tourist and I put him right to work. But he couldn't be paid until he changed visa status. And his visa status couldn't be changed while he was in the United States because U.S. immigration laws are sometimes very stupid. Even if you are in the United States and have permission to work here, you must leave the United States so that you can reenter.

The INS rules were too difficult for me to understand, but Eric did his best to get thru them. We both tried to get thru the answering machine at INS many times before giving up. Eric wrote this short note to me on November 26, 1991, while I was away from the office. As a foreign student, he learned a lot about the U.S. immigration service:

Hello Paul,

Today I went to the INS in Washington. But they told me I should send those forms to the INS in Baltimore. So now I can start again. There are several ways to go now. One fact is that, when I leave in Dec., I need that I-94/departure record in my passport and they don't allow a copy, neither in Baltimore-INS, nor at the airport.

One possibility is to complete that IAP-66 form in Amsterdam in those 2 weeks. Regardless of if this succeeds I sure can reenter the States because a stay of 3 months without visa is allowed.

Greetings.. Eric.

Eric decided to work without pay for 3 months, and his father agreed to send some more money to help him survive here. He went home for Christmas in Holland and returned from The Netherlands with a student visa. During the first 3 months of 1992 he was paid at twice the normal salary to make up for the previous 3 months of working for free. That was the possibly illegal part.

The next year he asked to come back for 6 more months of research. We agreed and filled out the forms, and he arrived as a tourist again. This time the university rather than INS was responsible for the visa papers being late. Again he worked for free for 3 months and at twice the agreed pay for the next 3. I learned that illegal aliens can do very good work, even for the federal government.

Life in America as an illegal alien at least gave Eric the freedom that he could not get in The Netherlands. He was drafted into the national army as soon as he returned to The Netherlands in July 1993.

The U.S. government could hire a few aliens for some of its temporary jobs, but the laws made no sense. Employers had to check the national origins of every noncitizen that applied for work even tho national origin is a factor for which discrimination was against the law. Congress kept a complete list of national origins that job applicants must not have if they wanted a federal job. The list of national origins that were okay as of 1996 are given next.

Citizens of Argentina, Australia, Bahamas, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Latvia, Lithuania , Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Samoa, countries of the former Soviet Union, Spain, Thailand, Tobago, Trinidad, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, and Venezuala could apply for some jobs. Refugees from Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laotia who entered the United States after January 1, 1975 and students from China who were in the United States before April 11, 1990 were two other categories considered okay by Congress.

Africans could not be hired. Immigrants from southern Asia were out of luck. Citizens of Russia and Cuba could apply but those from Hungary and Sweden could not. Citizens of many neutral nations could not apply, but those from nations whose armies fought for or against the United States could. The only real pattern to the list of nations was that the best friends and worst enemies of the United States could apply for jobs.

In 1996, three U.S. citizens and four citizens of other nations applied for a postdoctoral research position that I supervised. This job was temporary with funding for only two years and only those from the national origin groups above were welcome. In fact, the law said that many of those from other nations should be preferred over the U.S. citizens of equal merit. Members of minority racial or ethnic groups were supposed to get affirmative action. The applicants from Mexico and Uruguay probably were Hispanic. Three other applicants from China probably were Oriental. The laws of the U.S. gave such foreigners either extra credit or exclusion; never equality.

Because this job was located in Maryland, state laws regarding equal opportunity and affirmative action also were enforced. The Maryland state government said that foreigners must be paid salaries similar to those that citizens received. When highly skilled noncitizens received job offers, the state often forced the federal government to pay them $5,000 to $10,000 per year more than the salary advertised. When both citizens and noncitizens applied, the bureaucrat might be tempted to hire a citizen just to save money and avoid trouble.

Being fair wasn’t easy for me as a bureaucrat and a supervisor. One of the Chinese applicants had worked in Canada and by law had to be rejected. The remaining six applications were ranked on merit alone (without affirmative action) by five scientists and the highest ranked applicant, a Chinese citizen, was hired.

The next year, this temporary position was made permanent due to an increase in funding. But my temporary employee, Yang, was not given a chance to continue his own research project. Instead, an American citizen was hired permanently even tho all five scientists agreed that Yang was more skilled. Yang appealed to our Congressman but she agreed that he couldn’t keep his own job. At this time, Yang had lived in the United States for 14 years and paid federal taxes for 10 years.

VISITORS

The goal of the U.S. Department of Justice and the INS was to separate people into several classes: those who could work in the United States, those who could visit, and a lower form of people who couldn’t get near America. I met one of those lower forms at a meeting in Canada in 1997. Victor worked at the University of Edinburgh in the United Kingdom and did genetic research very similar to my own. Often my boss and I asked him to check our research for accuracy before we published it. In 1996, he wanted to visit my office to discuss his Ph.D. research and sent me the following letter.

September 25, 1996

Dear Dr. VanRaden

I am sure of the dates that I can be with you now. I plan to arrive in Washington on the 3rd of December and proceed straigth on to your institute. I can stay the rest of the week after which I hope to go on to Canada.

I have been to the American embassy but they will not give me a visa unless I get a letter of invitation from you stating my mission to the US and possible financial support. I will be grateful if you could formally invite me and send the letter by post.

With regards, Victor

By this time, Victor had gone from Edinburgh to London once to fill out the U.S. forms and pay the U.S. application fee. He had to go again and repeat this process after I sent a formal letter asking him to visit. I sent the letter, but not very quickly, because I hate doing paperwork for the INS. The news that came back from Victor surprised me.

November 4, 1996

Dear Dr. VanRaden

I eventually got your letter and re-applied for a US visa.

I am sorry to inform you that despite your letter and the support from Prof. Hill and my department here, I was refused a visitor visa to the USA. This means that I will not be able to visit in December as planned unless there is anything you or any one at your end can do to make the visa officers change their mind. Thank you very much for your assistance. I will remain in touch by e-mail as much as possible.

Yours sincerely, Victor

Victor was from Nigeria, and that was his only “problem.” He was friendly, skilled, and highly educated. The INS, by comparison, seemed rude, stupid, and backward. I was happy that Victor got past the British border guards to attend his university and past the Canadian border guards to attend a meeting. Visiting shouldn’t be illegal whether people are rude or friendly, stupid or skilled, backward or highly educated. For hundreds of years, people have moved from Europe to the United States. Now, Nigerians should have a right to migrate.

Another scientist from Nigeria, Sanya, also asked to visit my office in 1997 for a sabbatical of up to one year. I explained the rules and the trouble that Victor had and warned that the United States could be less civilized than Nigeria. This was the response:

October 10, 1997

Hi Paul, I read your mail after my arrival from a trip to the northern part of the country. It was very stimulating reading your comments on the attitude of official Washington. Yes, might is always right with respect to human beings. That is why the weak were forced to come to America against their wish at one time and at this modern era forced to stay away from America... This is really a cruel world!

With very warm regards.

Yours sincerely, Sanya

CITIZENS

The march toward free migration took a long step backward in 1986. The government of the land of the free began to punish its citizens for hiring citizens of other nations. A memorandum from the University of Wisconsin, where I began work in 1987, explained the rules of this new law to me. Even in a memo announcing that opportunity would be taken away from many people, the university still claimed to be an equal opportunity employer.

U.S. citizens cannot just go to work anymore. First, they must fill out permission forms from the federal government. If you don’t believe in permission to work, you should mark “Filed under protest” and “Ashamed that we discriminate against other people” when signing the citizenship form. I filed under protest twice when beginning work: for the University of Wisconsin in 1987 and for USDA in 1988. Individual protests for the rights of noncitizens are easy. You’ll feel good, and your boss will still give you the job.

Chapter 10

NEWS ABOUT MIGRATION

Re John and Yoko	1973	March 28	18:1
The Illegal Alien Non-Problem	1976	June 18	8:1
Reflections on Independence	1978	July 6	12:1
Refugees and Reason	1981	August 24	12:1
Free Markets Except When It Comes to People	1983	June 1	31:4
Invite the Palestinians to America	1983	August 31	20:4
In Praise of Huddled Masses	1984	July 3	24:1
Wetbacks as People	1985	December 30	12:1
The Rekindled Flame (1)	1986	July 3	16:1
The Next Hundred	1986	July 8	28:1
Bus People	1987	February 26	22:1
Let Them In	1988	June 2	22:1
The Rekindled Flame (2)	1989	July 3	A6:1
Reagan: Tear Down This Wall	1989	November 10	A8:4
A National Identity Card	1990	April 3	A20:1
The Rekindled Flame (3)	1990	July 3	A10:1
Vietnam's Vanishing Refugees	1991	October 9	A14:1
Fleeing to America	1991	November 27	A8:1
U.S. Open to All	1992	September 11	A18:1
All Politics is Global	1992	November 25	A12:1
Closing Europe’s Doors Will Have a Cost	1993	June 7	A15:3

TOOLS

RESOURCES

Table 1. Nations Ranked by People Per Hectare of Farmland

FOOD

PROPERTY

TERRITORY

CLOTHES

Table 3. Migration of Clothes into Paul’s Closet as of February 4, 1996

MIGRANTS

COMPETITON

	(millions)		%
South and Central America	240	80	75
North America	10	270	3
Western Europe	5	295	2
Eastern Europe, etc.	340	40	90
Africa	475	25	95
China	1,100	100	90
Other Asia	1,500	300	85
Australia	0	17	1